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yeah so so thanks for your great

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questions uh you know it's

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usually i get a lot of uh you know

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shallow questions that i've answered a

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million times already but you're

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really uh really well done i looked at

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your list with questions and i thought

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that's going to be a tough one

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all right i'm here with the

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scintillating

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sabine sabine haasenfelder and we're

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going to talk about physics

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a bit of consciousness a bit of

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something called emergence

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so sabine why don't you tell us tell the

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audience a bit about yourself

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uh i'm a theoretical physicist and i

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presently work at the frankfurt

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institute for advanced studies

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in germany and you know my day-to-day

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research is mostly

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dark matter super fluid dark matter in

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particular

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but i also do some stuff in the

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foundations of quantum mechanics and you

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know i'm generally broadly interested in

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the foundations of physics

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super fluid dark matter dark matter is

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it's dark and it's not

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clear what it is and you're qualifying

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it by saying superfluid dark matter

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why is that well um

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so this is a particular type of dark

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matter that

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um was proposed by

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a group around justin curry about five

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years ago

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and the curious thing about it is that

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this kind of super fluid

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um appears like modified gravity

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and i don't know if you've been

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following this whole debate but there's

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there's this big fight

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in astrophysics about whether it's dark

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matter

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so it's stuff made of particles or

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whether we have gotten something wrong

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with gravity and we need to modify

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einstein's theory of general relativity

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and

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um so that there are benefits to either

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side i would say

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and and people can't decide what's the

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right thing and

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um the amazing thing about this type of

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superfluid dark matter is that it

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combines the benefits of both

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without the disadvantages of either so

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when i

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that's the thing to do

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and um i feel super super lucky that i

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actually got a research grant that

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allows me to further study um this type

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of dark matter how does it combine the

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benefits of modifying the field

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equations of einstein

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well it doesn't exactly modify the field

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equations but what this

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superfluid dark matter does is that

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there is an additional

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force in the fluid which is mediated by

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the phonons

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after condensation and um it

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this force appears like it sits on top

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of gravity

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so it makes gravity stronger which is

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exactly

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um what we observe and now the

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interesting thing about it is that

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since it's generated by this

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condensation

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process it's a very regular force that

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has

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a lot more patterns to it than you would

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get by normal dark matter that you can

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distribute

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however which way you like so this

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normal dark matter

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has a big problem reproducing certain

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patterns that we observe

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like the baryonic tolerant fischer

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relation just to mention an example

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and superfluid dark matter can reproduce

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these patterns quite easily

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so that what you're working toward

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primarily right now

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is just fleshing that theory out making

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it

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does i mean

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making a match with current data yeah

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basically so i'm

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you know on the on the one side there's

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this question like how do you connect us

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with the data but they're

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also on the theoretical side they are

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just things that are

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have not been very well explored um so

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you know i'm a theoretical physicist i

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work more on

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understanding the theory part and um

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you know but i i have a student and a

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collaborator um who are more on the

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observational side

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so of course we're hoping to connect the

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two

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and what's your youtube channel what's

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the goal

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watching this you should check out

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i'll include a link to your youtube

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channel in the description

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check out her channel because if you're

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someone who's interested in physics and

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if you're an undergrad in physics

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even if you're a graduate of physics

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you'll have plenty to learn from her

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channel

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she has music videos as well as far as i

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know sabine you've moved your music

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videos to another channel though some of

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the old ones remain

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and yeah so what the heck is why are you

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doing the youtube channel

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maybe it's self-explanatory but i want

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to hear it from you and then

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second what's the deal with the music

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videos

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well so um i've been in science

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communication like

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for almost 15 years now and i used to

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mostly do

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writing as you probably know i've

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written this blog called back reaction

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for quite a long time

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and i've just found in the long run that

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writing doesn't appeal to a pretty big

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group of people

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and there's generally an issue with um

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blogging which is that the audience is

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pretty much self-selecting

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so after you've written on a particular

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topic for some time which in

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my case is mostly particle physics

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you're you're pretty much stuck

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with a certain group of people so you

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live in this bubble

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and then if you get interested in

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something else like it's been the case

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with we

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um you you totally talk past your

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audience so no one gives a

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basically um i see and um

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in so you developed too narrow of an

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audience over time

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with blogs yeah right and and now the

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thing is that

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um search engine um optimization has

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been going

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um in a way that doesn't really help

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this so people don't just

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go online and search for

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something on a blog that just doesn't

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exist and now the interesting thing

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about youtube is that

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they will try to find an audience for

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your content

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that's what the search algorithm does

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and now you know there's a long

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conversation to be

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uh have had about how well this actually

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works but

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in principle the idea is good you know

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they take your content and they

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they try to find people who may be

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interested in it and i think this has

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really helped me

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um to get the stuff that i've more

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recently been interested in which leads

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more towards philosophy foundations of

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quantum mechanics and more generally the

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um sometimes not very well working

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connection between science and science

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policy

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um so so this is all stuff um that

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i found gets a quote across much better

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on youtube and i mean then there are

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obvious things like that it's easier to

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um explain some things if you can use

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graphics

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right right and when you say that you're

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interested in the philosophy of the

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foundations of quantum mechanics are you

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referring to

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the different interpretations of quantum

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well um i'm you know i said i'm a

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theorist but

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uh i'm actually more strictly speaking

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i'm a phenomenologist

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it's just that i try to avoid the word

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because a lot of people don't know what

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it means

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yeah so actually a quick aside

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phenomenology

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for the majority of our audience they

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might be familiar with the philosophy

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that comes from hussero exactly and

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phenomenology particle phenomenology

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sounds like oh

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are you talking about the umvelt of a

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quark i don't know if you are

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aware of the philosophical phenomenology

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but if you if you are can you delineate

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it between the particle phenomenology

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yes so the phenomenology um in particle

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physics has nothing to do with the

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philosophical area of phenomenology but

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it's

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um it basically sits in the middle

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between theory and experiment so you're

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trying to develop

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a model that you can connect to what is

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actually measurable

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so the the theoretical side in

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particular in particle physics tends to

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be

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pretty much only math right that that

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that's what you do

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and then on the experimental side you

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measure and the phenomenology

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um is that group of people where we are

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making a connection between the two

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so it would be as if newton came up with

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the theory of gravity

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and then someone said well here's how we

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can test the theory of gravity that's

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the phenomenologist and then the

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experimentalists go out and do the

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actual testing is that the divide

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um yeah roughly speaking except that

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normally it's the case that you have a

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theory which is much much more

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complicated than newtonian gravity so

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you have to coax

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something out of it that you can

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actually go and measure i see i see

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and i'm sure you've heard of some of

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these new theories of everything that

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have been developed recently two major

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ones

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and for example weinsteins and wolframs

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and i'm i want to know if you're

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familiar with it and if you see as a

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phenomenologist

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any clear way of getting a prediction

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from them

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uh no i don't see such a

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way i'm sure that they both have been

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thinking about

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it uh but it's a you know this is a

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really

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complicated process

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um i'm not even

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sorry i'm not even one to say that a

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prediction is necessary

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in the short term when you're exploring

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i know that i

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in your book lost in math it's it's like

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hey there's been 20 years with string

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theory

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maybe more and it's it seems like

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right right well these two new theories

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don't have that

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long of a history so it's not such a

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detriment at least in my

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estimation that they don't have

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prediction predictions associated with

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it even a fineman said that

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feynman had this great talk i don't know

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prematurely throw out a new physics

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00:10:11,350 --> 00:10:09,920
theory just because it doesn't comport

290
00:10:11,990 --> 00:10:11,360
with the data and doesn't make

291
00:10:14,310 --> 00:10:12,000
experiments

292
00:10:16,310 --> 00:10:14,320
and he gave a great analogy imagine the

293
00:10:20,150 --> 00:10:16,320
mayans 500 600 years ago

294
00:10:22,870 --> 00:10:20,160
and they had wonderful predictions

295
00:10:24,790 --> 00:10:22,880
it was based on a wrong model but it all

296
00:10:25,829 --> 00:10:24,800
fit with the data of how the sun of when

297
00:10:27,430 --> 00:10:25,839
the sun is going to come out

298
00:10:29,509 --> 00:10:27,440
and then someone says hey i think that

299
00:10:30,870 --> 00:10:29,519
the sun actually revolves that the earth

300
00:10:33,110 --> 00:10:30,880
revolves around the sun

301
00:10:34,470 --> 00:10:33,120
and and then they say well can you

302
00:10:35,910 --> 00:10:34,480
predict when the moon is going to have

303
00:10:36,630 --> 00:10:35,920
an eclipse and that person i know i

304
00:10:41,430 --> 00:10:36,640
haven't

305
00:10:45,990 --> 00:10:44,550
yeah certainly i mean um it can take a

306
00:10:49,030 --> 00:10:46,000
long time to

307
00:10:51,590 --> 00:10:49,040
understand a theory on a depth

308
00:10:52,310 --> 00:10:51,600
so that you can reliably make a

309
00:10:53,910 --> 00:10:52,320
prediction

310
00:10:55,829 --> 00:10:53,920
so and and that certainly that's

311
00:10:58,710 --> 00:10:55,839
certainly a problem that

312
00:10:59,509 --> 00:10:58,720
we see in the foundations with a lot of

313
00:11:01,590 --> 00:10:59,519
people who

314
00:11:02,710 --> 00:11:01,600
are working alone or in very small

315
00:11:05,190 --> 00:11:02,720
groups

316
00:11:06,069 --> 00:11:05,200
uh it can take like a really long time

317
00:11:09,110 --> 00:11:06,079
to get anywhere

318
00:11:11,190 --> 00:11:09,120
and uh as long as they don't have

319
00:11:12,230 --> 00:11:11,200
as long as they have nothing to show for

320
00:11:14,310 --> 00:11:12,240
everyone else is like

321
00:11:15,750 --> 00:11:14,320
yeah no i don't want to even think about

322
00:11:18,389 --> 00:11:15,760
it right

323
00:11:19,670 --> 00:11:18,399
so it's kind of it's a process where the

324
00:11:21,910 --> 00:11:19,680
rich get richer

325
00:11:24,310 --> 00:11:21,920
and the poorer never get anywhere have

326
00:11:27,670 --> 00:11:24,320
you read lee smolin's book on

327
00:11:29,910 --> 00:11:27,680
the trouble with physics yes i read that

328
00:11:31,670 --> 00:11:29,920
it seems like there's plenty of

329
00:11:33,670 --> 00:11:31,680
parallels between lost and math and

330
00:11:35,030 --> 00:11:33,680
and the trouble with physics do you see

331
00:11:37,670 --> 00:11:35,040
any disagreements with

332
00:11:39,190 --> 00:11:37,680
your point of view and lisa mullins in

333
00:11:42,949 --> 00:11:39,200
the theory of

334
00:11:45,670 --> 00:11:42,959
sorry in the trouble with physics

335
00:11:46,470 --> 00:11:45,680
well there are some parallels of course

336
00:11:50,230 --> 00:11:46,480
in that

337
00:11:52,790 --> 00:11:50,240
i think we're both concerned about

338
00:11:53,910 --> 00:11:52,800
where the foundations of physics are

339
00:11:56,870 --> 00:11:53,920
headed

340
00:11:57,670 --> 00:11:56,880
and that there are there's too much

341
00:12:01,670 --> 00:11:57,680
emphasis

342
00:12:04,629 --> 00:12:01,680
on some few research directions

343
00:12:06,550 --> 00:12:04,639
um my book is more broadly about the

344
00:12:08,310 --> 00:12:06,560
foundations of physics

345
00:12:09,750 --> 00:12:08,320
why lee's book is more specifically

346
00:12:11,269 --> 00:12:09,760
about string theory

347
00:12:13,350 --> 00:12:11,279
what's the difference you ask i think

348
00:12:14,470 --> 00:12:13,360
i'm far less critical of string theory

349
00:12:17,590 --> 00:12:14,480
um than the years

350
00:12:19,430 --> 00:12:17,600
um but i'm somewhat more critical of low

351
00:12:23,110 --> 00:12:19,440
quantum gravity

352
00:12:26,470 --> 00:12:23,120
than he is right so you know um

353
00:12:27,430 --> 00:12:26,480
there are differences so how do you

354
00:12:29,670 --> 00:12:27,440
define a theory

355
00:12:33,910 --> 00:12:29,680
of everything is it simply unifying

356
00:12:36,949 --> 00:12:33,920
gravity with the other three forces or

357
00:12:39,190 --> 00:12:36,959
or is there something more

358
00:12:40,310 --> 00:12:39,200
well you want to unify it so that that

359
00:12:41,829 --> 00:12:40,320
it's consistent

360
00:12:44,710 --> 00:12:41,839
you know if you just take the standard

361
00:12:46,629 --> 00:12:44,720
model and you lump gravity on top of it

362
00:12:48,870 --> 00:12:46,639
that's kind of a theory which describes

363
00:12:51,350 --> 00:12:48,880
both particle physics as

364
00:12:53,509 --> 00:12:51,360
we use it today and general relativity

365
00:12:55,590 --> 00:12:53,519
but it's internally inconsistent

366
00:12:57,990 --> 00:12:55,600
so what people mean with the theory of

367
00:12:59,350 --> 00:12:58,000
everything is a theory that combines all

368
00:13:02,790 --> 00:12:59,360
these four forces

369
00:13:04,629 --> 00:13:02,800
but is mathematically consistent and it

370
00:13:07,590 --> 00:13:04,639
is widely believed that

371
00:13:09,509 --> 00:13:07,600
this will require quantizing gravity so

372
00:13:12,069 --> 00:13:09,519
quantum gravity is kind of part

373
00:13:12,790 --> 00:13:12,079
um of the picture should a theory of

374
00:13:15,670 --> 00:13:12,800
everything

375
00:13:17,350 --> 00:13:15,680
have as one of its ingredients an

376
00:13:20,310 --> 00:13:17,360
explanation for dark matter

377
00:13:21,670 --> 00:13:20,320
or dark energy or is that unnecessary

378
00:13:26,230 --> 00:13:21,680
it's just purely about

379
00:13:27,750 --> 00:13:26,240
grand unified theory unifying these well

380
00:13:30,230 --> 00:13:27,760
you definitely need to do something

381
00:13:32,310 --> 00:13:30,240
about dark matter um

382
00:13:33,670 --> 00:13:32,320
because you need some resolution to that

383
00:13:36,150 --> 00:13:33,680
um i mean

384
00:13:38,230 --> 00:13:36,160
look dark matter makes up like 85

385
00:13:41,110 --> 00:13:38,240
percent of the matter in the universe

386
00:13:41,990 --> 00:13:41,120
um so if your theory of everything does

387
00:13:43,590 --> 00:13:42,000
not describe

388
00:13:45,829 --> 00:13:43,600
most of what's in the universe that's a

389
00:13:48,870 --> 00:13:45,839
pretty poor theory of everything i'd say

390
00:13:52,230 --> 00:13:48,880
it's a theory of a few of a minority

391
00:13:54,310 --> 00:13:52,240
yeah basically so when it comes to

392
00:13:56,470 --> 00:13:54,320
dark energy um there really isn't

393
00:13:57,030 --> 00:13:56,480
anything to explain you know you you can

394
00:13:59,670 --> 00:13:57,040
just

395
00:14:01,189 --> 00:13:59,680
fit all the observations that we have uh

396
00:14:02,949 --> 00:14:01,199
quite well by just saying well it's a

397
00:14:04,310 --> 00:14:02,959
cosmological constant and that's just a

398
00:14:05,110 --> 00:14:04,320
constant of nature and here we have

399
00:14:07,590 --> 00:14:05,120
measured it

400
00:14:09,990 --> 00:14:07,600
and that's the value so there's uh

401
00:14:12,069 --> 00:14:10,000
there's nothing wrong with that

402
00:14:13,829 --> 00:14:12,079
so in the theory of everything in your

403
00:14:15,430 --> 00:14:13,839
eyes the

404
00:14:17,030 --> 00:14:15,440
there are some constants that simply

405
00:14:19,350 --> 00:14:17,040
need to be measured

406
00:14:20,629 --> 00:14:19,360
they can be taken for granted they don't

407
00:14:23,990 --> 00:14:20,639
need to be explained

408
00:14:26,790 --> 00:14:24,000
by some other fundamental process

409
00:14:29,030 --> 00:14:26,800
they don't need to be explained no but

410
00:14:31,430 --> 00:14:29,040
you know it would certainly be nice

411
00:14:32,310 --> 00:14:31,440
if we were able to reduce the number of

412
00:14:34,230 --> 00:14:32,320
um

413
00:14:35,430 --> 00:14:34,240
constants that that we have right now so

414
00:14:37,110 --> 00:14:35,440
this is certainly something that a lot

415
00:14:38,870 --> 00:14:37,120
of people hope for

416
00:14:41,189 --> 00:14:38,880
but strictly speaking it's not necessary

417
00:14:42,069 --> 00:14:41,199
you know do you think it's in principle

418
00:14:44,550 --> 00:14:42,079
possible

419
00:14:45,829 --> 00:14:44,560
to r to actually reduce all the physical

420
00:14:50,069 --> 00:14:45,839
constants to something else that's

421
00:14:54,710 --> 00:14:53,110
um well it it kind of depends on how you

422
00:14:58,150 --> 00:14:54,720
would define that because

423
00:15:00,310 --> 00:14:58,160
um i mean so i

424
00:15:01,509 --> 00:15:00,320
depends on what you mean by constants

425
00:15:03,750 --> 00:15:01,519
the thing is that

426
00:15:05,110 --> 00:15:03,760
we have in our physical theories uh we

427
00:15:07,829 --> 00:15:05,120
don't just have

428
00:15:10,550 --> 00:15:07,839
numbers like numbers without units but

429
00:15:12,389 --> 00:15:10,560
we also have dimensionful constants

430
00:15:13,670 --> 00:15:12,399
and you need these to come from

431
00:15:15,110 --> 00:15:13,680
somewhere

432
00:15:16,790 --> 00:15:15,120
like i mean i'm talking about things

433
00:15:17,829 --> 00:15:16,800
like uh the speed of light planck's

434
00:15:21,350 --> 00:15:17,839
constant

435
00:15:24,829 --> 00:15:21,360
kind of stuff

436
00:15:28,069 --> 00:15:24,839
and and i don't really see how um you

437
00:15:31,030 --> 00:15:28,079
can get around actually measuring them

438
00:15:34,389 --> 00:15:31,040
like how can we possibly derive them

439
00:15:35,990 --> 00:15:34,399
yes um which is also something that

440
00:15:37,350 --> 00:15:36,000
i think most people don't have in mind

441
00:15:38,069 --> 00:15:37,360
when they're talking about the theory of

442
00:15:40,230 --> 00:15:38,079
everything

443
00:15:41,670 --> 00:15:40,240
you know this i mean theoretical

444
00:15:43,670 --> 00:15:41,680
physicists like to just set all these

445
00:15:46,150 --> 00:15:43,680
constants equal to one

446
00:15:47,430 --> 00:15:46,160
all right so just to ease the

447
00:15:50,470 --> 00:15:47,440
calculation

448
00:15:53,030 --> 00:15:50,480
um so these are not the constants that

449
00:15:55,189 --> 00:15:53,040
they normally talk about um when they

450
00:15:56,949 --> 00:15:55,199
say we want to derive this but

451
00:16:00,069 --> 00:15:56,959
usually what they talk about are

452
00:16:02,470 --> 00:16:00,079
constants that do not have any units

453
00:16:04,230 --> 00:16:02,480
so this may be for example the ratio

454
00:16:05,829 --> 00:16:04,240
between the masses of

455
00:16:07,590 --> 00:16:05,839
uh i don't know the higgs boson at the

456
00:16:08,949 --> 00:16:07,600
electron or something like this so so

457
00:16:12,389 --> 00:16:08,959
this would be a typical

458
00:16:14,310 --> 00:16:12,399
example for a number that you would hope

459
00:16:17,670 --> 00:16:14,320
you can actually derive

460
00:16:20,550 --> 00:16:17,680
from your theory of everything and then

461
00:16:21,990 --> 00:16:20,560
that theory may well maybe only require

462
00:16:25,749 --> 00:16:22,000
one constant

463
00:16:28,550 --> 00:16:25,759
i don't see why this would be impossible

464
00:16:30,230 --> 00:16:28,560
but no one has managed to actually do

465
00:16:31,910 --> 00:16:30,240
that

466
00:16:33,990 --> 00:16:31,920
is there some current theory of

467
00:16:35,749 --> 00:16:34,000
everything that you feel like is

468
00:16:40,150 --> 00:16:35,759
on the right track is there one that in

469
00:16:40,160 --> 00:16:44,550
well i mean there there are

470
00:16:49,430 --> 00:16:47,350
so um so we didn't settle before i

471
00:16:50,949 --> 00:16:49,440
answered the question uh if by theory of

472
00:16:55,189 --> 00:16:50,959
everything

473
00:16:58,949 --> 00:16:55,199
you want to include a grand unification

474
00:17:01,990 --> 00:16:58,959
so the grand unification is a

475
00:17:04,630 --> 00:17:02,000
certain kind of symmetry for the

476
00:17:05,829 --> 00:17:04,640
the other three known forces besides

477
00:17:07,669 --> 00:17:05,839
gravity

478
00:17:09,750 --> 00:17:07,679
the forces in the standard model like

479
00:17:11,510 --> 00:17:09,760
there's electromagnetism and the strong

480
00:17:14,630 --> 00:17:11,520
and the weak nuclear force

481
00:17:16,949 --> 00:17:14,640
so um what

482
00:17:18,549 --> 00:17:16,959
physicists usually call a grant unified

483
00:17:21,189 --> 00:17:18,559
theory is one that

484
00:17:22,069 --> 00:17:21,199
combines these three forces and you

485
00:17:24,069 --> 00:17:22,079
could say well they

486
00:17:25,750 --> 00:17:24,079
are already in the standard model so

487
00:17:26,789 --> 00:17:25,760
what's wrong with that and the answer is

488
00:17:30,310 --> 00:17:26,799
well nothing really

489
00:17:31,029 --> 00:17:30,320
but um you know it would be nicer if we

490
00:17:33,830 --> 00:17:31,039
could

491
00:17:35,909 --> 00:17:33,840
combine them to only one force which in

492
00:17:38,870 --> 00:17:35,919
a certain limit gives rise to these

493
00:17:40,549 --> 00:17:38,880
three forces and so normally when people

494
00:17:44,070 --> 00:17:40,559
talk about the theory of everything

495
00:17:44,549 --> 00:17:44,080
they um include grant unification in

496
00:17:47,430 --> 00:17:44,559
that

497
00:17:50,230 --> 00:17:47,440
so the theory of everything is this

498
00:17:53,350 --> 00:17:50,240
combination of quantum gravity with

499
00:17:57,029 --> 00:17:53,360
um the gut the

500
00:18:00,390 --> 00:17:57,039
grand unified uh theory and um

501
00:18:03,990 --> 00:18:00,400
so there are very few

502
00:18:06,070 --> 00:18:04,000
theories um that do that um

503
00:18:07,669 --> 00:18:06,080
for example and we were talking about uh

504
00:18:09,190 --> 00:18:07,679
look quantum gravity a loop quantum

505
00:18:11,029 --> 00:18:09,200
gravity doesn't really say anything

506
00:18:14,150 --> 00:18:11,039
about the particle sector

507
00:18:15,430 --> 00:18:14,160
so it does not it does not have a grand

508
00:18:17,590 --> 00:18:15,440
unification

509
00:18:19,350 --> 00:18:17,600
so i think and this is always a matter

510
00:18:20,870 --> 00:18:19,360
of definition of course but i think

511
00:18:22,549 --> 00:18:20,880
a lot of physicists would not call it a

512
00:18:25,669 --> 00:18:22,559
theory of everything they would just say

513
00:18:28,789 --> 00:18:25,679
it's a theory of quantum gravity

514
00:18:29,669 --> 00:18:28,799
um and so string theory uh is a theory

515
00:18:32,789 --> 00:18:29,679
of everything

516
00:18:36,230 --> 00:18:32,799
um that um because

517
00:18:37,669 --> 00:18:36,240
both gravity and all these forces come

518
00:18:39,029 --> 00:18:37,679
out of the same thing so it's all

519
00:18:42,310 --> 00:18:39,039
strings basically so

520
00:18:43,110 --> 00:18:42,320
that's the idea um and then um there are

521
00:18:46,549 --> 00:18:43,120
some other

522
00:18:48,070 --> 00:18:46,559
um approaches where um people say that's

523
00:18:50,310 --> 00:18:48,080
what they do but it's

524
00:18:52,310 --> 00:18:50,320
you know it's difficult as i said

525
00:18:54,230 --> 00:18:52,320
because um these tend to be pursued by

526
00:18:55,590 --> 00:18:54,240
very few people so

527
00:18:57,110 --> 00:18:55,600
they never seem to really be getting

528
00:18:59,029 --> 00:18:57,120
anywhere and i have some of these

529
00:19:00,230 --> 00:18:59,039
examples in my book like garrett lisey

530
00:19:02,789 --> 00:19:00,240
for example with his

531
00:19:04,310 --> 00:19:02,799
uh e8 um theory in principle that's

532
00:19:05,830 --> 00:19:04,320
something that could be a theory of

533
00:19:07,510 --> 00:19:05,840
everything but it

534
00:19:09,190 --> 00:19:07,520
it you know he's pretty much working

535
00:19:11,830 --> 00:19:09,200
alone and and so

536
00:19:12,710 --> 00:19:11,840
it's it's a very long tedious process

537
00:19:14,150 --> 00:19:12,720
and then

538
00:19:15,990 --> 00:19:14,160
you know there are things like causal

539
00:19:16,630 --> 00:19:16,000
fermion models and you might may put on

540
00:19:19,669 --> 00:19:16,640
this list

541
00:19:20,470 --> 00:19:19,679
eric weinstein and um you know maybe

542
00:19:23,990 --> 00:19:20,480
maybe

543
00:19:25,430 --> 00:19:24,000
from um things like that and the word

544
00:19:26,950 --> 00:19:25,440
from actually

545
00:19:28,710 --> 00:19:26,960
what my understanding is he doesn't say

546
00:19:29,510 --> 00:19:28,720
anything about the unification of of the

547
00:19:31,430 --> 00:19:29,520
interaction

548
00:19:32,710 --> 00:19:31,440
um on the other hand he claims he has to

549
00:19:33,669 --> 00:19:32,720
say something about the foundations of

550
00:19:36,549 --> 00:19:33,679
quantum mechanics

551
00:19:37,990 --> 00:19:36,559
so you know you get into the details uh

552
00:19:41,909 --> 00:19:38,000
very very quickly

553
00:19:43,990 --> 00:19:41,919
um there's also um asymptotically safe

554
00:19:45,430 --> 00:19:44,000
gravity which a lot of people

555
00:19:48,950 --> 00:19:45,440
seem to be missing and i would say

556
00:19:51,990 --> 00:19:48,960
that's a proper theory of everything

557
00:19:55,270 --> 00:19:52,000
because you can very well combined that

558
00:19:58,150 --> 00:19:55,280
with uh grant unification and people

559
00:19:59,590 --> 00:19:58,160
have studied that kind of thing and it

560
00:20:01,990 --> 00:19:59,600
basically removes

561
00:20:04,070 --> 00:20:02,000
the discrepancy between the standard

562
00:20:07,190 --> 00:20:04,080
model and the classical theory

563
00:20:09,350 --> 00:20:07,200
of gravity so um you know

564
00:20:10,630 --> 00:20:09,360
i i don't have very strong opinions

565
00:20:12,230 --> 00:20:10,640
about which one of those

566
00:20:13,990 --> 00:20:12,240
is the best as i said i'm i'm a

567
00:20:14,789 --> 00:20:14,000
phenomenologist you know for for me

568
00:20:16,870 --> 00:20:14,799
that's just

569
00:20:19,590 --> 00:20:16,880
uh there are different approaches and

570
00:20:21,750 --> 00:20:19,600
the question is how can you test them

571
00:20:23,590 --> 00:20:21,760
so so that that's the question that i'm

572
00:20:26,310 --> 00:20:23,600
most interested in

573
00:20:28,070 --> 00:20:26,320
i see i see do you mind outlining for

574
00:20:29,990 --> 00:20:28,080
our audience your views on strong

575
00:20:33,110 --> 00:20:30,000
emergence you had a great paper

576
00:20:36,630 --> 00:20:33,120
and from my understanding of it it was

577
00:20:39,990 --> 00:20:36,640
first defining what strong emergence is

578
00:20:43,190 --> 00:20:40,000
and then refuting it but then

579
00:20:44,310 --> 00:20:43,200
at the end you save it and i i could be

580
00:20:50,149 --> 00:20:44,320
incorrect

581
00:20:53,750 --> 00:20:52,549
so i i think that the the definition of

582
00:20:56,149 --> 00:20:53,760
strong emergence that

583
00:20:58,310 --> 00:20:56,159
uh i'm using there so so there's strong

584
00:21:02,230 --> 00:20:58,320
weak emergence and i'm just using the

585
00:21:06,789 --> 00:21:02,240
the common definition um so if um

586
00:21:10,070 --> 00:21:06,799
you have a system um which is made of

587
00:21:12,789 --> 00:21:10,080
small entities so it's uh composed of

588
00:21:13,270 --> 00:21:12,799
some smaller stuff roughly speaking um

589
00:21:15,750 --> 00:21:13,280
then

590
00:21:18,470 --> 00:21:15,760
you can observe some behavior on

591
00:21:21,830 --> 00:21:18,480
macroscopic scales

592
00:21:23,750 --> 00:21:21,840
which you would say is emergent from

593
00:21:25,110 --> 00:21:23,760
the behavior of the underlying

594
00:21:29,110 --> 00:21:25,120
macroscopic

595
00:21:31,830 --> 00:21:29,120
things and this

596
00:21:33,830 --> 00:21:31,840
is a weak emergence if you can actually

597
00:21:36,470 --> 00:21:33,840
derive

598
00:21:38,549 --> 00:21:36,480
from the interactions and the properties

599
00:21:39,270 --> 00:21:38,559
of these microscopic constituents what

600
00:21:42,310 --> 00:21:39,280
is happening

601
00:21:45,110 --> 00:21:42,320
happening on the macroscopic level so

602
00:21:46,149 --> 00:21:45,120
you know a typical example would be that

603
00:21:49,110 --> 00:21:46,159
you can derive

604
00:21:49,669 --> 00:21:49,120
say the properties of molecules uh if

605
00:21:52,390 --> 00:21:49,679
you know

606
00:21:52,870 --> 00:21:52,400
if you have a theory of atoms because

607
00:21:56,630 --> 00:21:52,880
the

608
00:21:58,710 --> 00:21:56,640
follow from

609
00:22:00,310 --> 00:21:58,720
what the atoms do and you know the

610
00:22:01,190 --> 00:22:00,320
electro orbitals and all that kind of

611
00:22:03,270 --> 00:22:01,200
stuff

612
00:22:04,470 --> 00:22:03,280
and what you're describing is so far it

613
00:22:07,350 --> 00:22:04,480
sounds synonymous with

614
00:22:09,350 --> 00:22:07,360
reductionism um well it's kind of well

615
00:22:11,830 --> 00:22:09,360
reductionism goes the other way around

616
00:22:13,110 --> 00:22:11,840
right so so weak emergence is kind of so

617
00:22:15,750 --> 00:22:13,120
reductionism you dig

618
00:22:19,350 --> 00:22:15,760
into the smaller scales weak emergence

619
00:22:22,630 --> 00:22:19,360
you derive the microscopic scales

620
00:22:25,590 --> 00:22:22,640
and and so weak emergence is compatible

621
00:22:25,990 --> 00:22:25,600
with this reductionist picture and a

622
00:22:30,149 --> 00:22:26,000
strong

623
00:22:33,669 --> 00:22:30,159
emergence says that no you can have

624
00:22:34,870 --> 00:22:33,679
entirely new phenomena on larger scales

625
00:22:37,750 --> 00:22:34,880
that you cannot

626
00:22:39,110 --> 00:22:37,760
derive from the properties of the

627
00:22:40,950 --> 00:22:39,120
constituents of the system

628
00:22:42,630 --> 00:22:40,960
so there's something really new coming

629
00:22:45,909 --> 00:22:42,640
into into play there

630
00:22:48,549 --> 00:22:45,919
and this um reductionism um hierarchy

631
00:22:51,830 --> 00:22:48,559
basically breaks down somewhere

632
00:22:55,029 --> 00:22:51,840
and now um as a particle physicist

633
00:22:55,830 --> 00:22:55,039
who um has dealt with reductionism all

634
00:22:57,830 --> 00:22:55,840
the time

635
00:22:59,190 --> 00:22:57,840
of course it's a question that i'm very

636
00:23:01,510 --> 00:22:59,200
interested in like

637
00:23:02,630 --> 00:23:01,520
can you actually make strong emergence

638
00:23:05,830 --> 00:23:02,640
work

639
00:23:07,990 --> 00:23:05,840
because um if you know

640
00:23:09,430 --> 00:23:08,000
that stuff is made of particles and we

641
00:23:11,909 --> 00:23:09,440
have the laws

642
00:23:14,710 --> 00:23:11,919
for these particles then in principle

643
00:23:16,630 --> 00:23:14,720
everything derives from that

644
00:23:19,029 --> 00:23:16,640
so that brings up the question like is

645
00:23:22,070 --> 00:23:19,039
there some place where this derivation

646
00:23:24,070 --> 00:23:22,080
can go wrong um

647
00:23:25,909 --> 00:23:24,080
that's actually that's really really

648
00:23:28,710 --> 00:23:25,919
hard to make sense of

649
00:23:29,430 --> 00:23:28,720
theoretically and people have tried for

650
00:23:31,430 --> 00:23:29,440
some time

651
00:23:32,470 --> 00:23:31,440
um there there is a very interesting

652
00:23:35,510 --> 00:23:32,480
paper by

653
00:23:37,430 --> 00:23:35,520
um michael newton and

654
00:23:38,870 --> 00:23:37,440
someone else i've forgotten the name of

655
00:23:42,390 --> 00:23:38,880
the co-author

656
00:23:45,350 --> 00:23:42,400
which is called um more really is

657
00:23:46,470 --> 00:23:45,360
different you know that's an echo of

658
00:23:49,669 --> 00:23:46,480
anderson's paper

659
00:23:50,230 --> 00:23:49,679
uh more is different and so they try to

660
00:23:53,669 --> 00:23:50,240
show

661
00:23:55,830 --> 00:23:53,679
um that there are certain systems um

662
00:23:56,710 --> 00:23:55,840
so so they use a very simplified system

663
00:23:59,510 --> 00:23:56,720
with with uh

664
00:24:00,549 --> 00:23:59,520
it's kind of like a um a board with

665
00:24:03,590 --> 00:24:00,559
spins

666
00:24:04,390 --> 00:24:03,600
um where you can define certain

667
00:24:06,390 --> 00:24:04,400
quantities

668
00:24:08,310 --> 00:24:06,400
in the example that they use is the

669
00:24:11,350 --> 00:24:08,320
overall magnetization

670
00:24:12,390 --> 00:24:11,360
um but you cannot derive them from the

671
00:24:14,470 --> 00:24:12,400
properties

672
00:24:15,909 --> 00:24:14,480
of the underlying system so this this

673
00:24:18,230 --> 00:24:15,919
would be an example where you could

674
00:24:21,350 --> 00:24:18,240
really speak of strong emergence

675
00:24:23,350 --> 00:24:21,360
but you know the fine print on this

676
00:24:26,149 --> 00:24:23,360
example which they use is

677
00:24:26,789 --> 00:24:26,159
that it only becomes impossible to

678
00:24:29,269 --> 00:24:26,799
actually

679
00:24:31,190 --> 00:24:29,279
calculate this if you have a system that

680
00:24:34,149 --> 00:24:31,200
is really infinitely large

681
00:24:35,669 --> 00:24:34,159
so it's this infinity um that brings up

682
00:24:37,430 --> 00:24:35,679
this impossibility

683
00:24:38,950 --> 00:24:37,440
and of course nothing in nature is

684
00:24:40,710 --> 00:24:38,960
really ever infinite

685
00:24:41,990 --> 00:24:40,720
um so it's not a particularly good

686
00:24:43,990 --> 00:24:42,000
example and there are some other

687
00:24:46,950 --> 00:24:44,000
examples that that people have played

688
00:24:47,990 --> 00:24:46,960
with and so um with my background in

689
00:24:50,070 --> 00:24:48,000
particle physics

690
00:24:51,990 --> 00:24:50,080
i was trying to look more directly at

691
00:24:53,110 --> 00:24:52,000
the theories that we're actually using

692
00:24:54,950 --> 00:24:53,120
and particle physics

693
00:24:56,149 --> 00:24:54,960
so in the standard model just to be

694
00:24:59,190 --> 00:24:56,159
concrete

695
00:25:01,269 --> 00:24:59,200
that's a quantum field theory and in

696
00:25:05,190 --> 00:25:01,279
quantum field theory we have

697
00:25:08,470 --> 00:25:05,200
um a well-defined process of deriving

698
00:25:11,990 --> 00:25:08,480
a theory on larger scales

699
00:25:13,909 --> 00:25:12,000
from the theory on shorter scales

700
00:25:15,750 --> 00:25:13,919
that's called effective field theory and

701
00:25:18,310 --> 00:25:15,760
it's just a mathematical thing

702
00:25:20,149 --> 00:25:18,320
um it's fairly new in a sense that i

703
00:25:20,710 --> 00:25:20,159
mean it's been around for half a century

704
00:25:23,590 --> 00:25:20,720
but it

705
00:25:24,230 --> 00:25:23,600
it has really only entered uh i would

706
00:25:25,990 --> 00:25:24,240
say you know

707
00:25:28,149 --> 00:25:26,000
the consciousness of the community in

708
00:25:28,870 --> 00:25:28,159
the in the past 20 years uh or something

709
00:25:30,950 --> 00:25:28,880
like this

710
00:25:32,390 --> 00:25:30,960
it's just technically there have been

711
00:25:34,470 --> 00:25:32,400
some things that were not very well

712
00:25:36,149 --> 00:25:34,480
understood in the early days but

713
00:25:38,149 --> 00:25:36,159
uh today is kind of something that

714
00:25:39,590 --> 00:25:38,159
everyone uh pretty much uses so you have

715
00:25:43,029 --> 00:25:39,600
these equations that you can

716
00:25:45,510 --> 00:25:43,039
just use to derive

717
00:25:49,110 --> 00:25:45,520
in principle what happens on the

718
00:25:51,830 --> 00:25:49,120
macroscopic scales from the underlying

719
00:25:53,750 --> 00:25:51,840
physics now in many cases of course you

720
00:25:56,070 --> 00:25:53,760
can't actually solve the equations

721
00:25:57,029 --> 00:25:56,080
but they are but they are there so if

722
00:25:59,029 --> 00:25:57,039
you think that

723
00:26:00,950 --> 00:25:59,039
strong emergence is a real thing these

724
00:26:02,710 --> 00:26:00,960
equations have to break down

725
00:26:03,990 --> 00:26:02,720
at some point you know something has to

726
00:26:06,710 --> 00:26:04,000
go wrong and

727
00:26:08,870 --> 00:26:06,720
um the only way that um you can actually

728
00:26:12,230 --> 00:26:08,880
have really new laws

729
00:26:13,830 --> 00:26:12,240
on um large scales

730
00:26:16,390 --> 00:26:13,840
is if something goes wrong in this

731
00:26:17,990 --> 00:26:16,400
derivation and so in in this paper

732
00:26:19,990 --> 00:26:18,000
i was making this argument you know

733
00:26:22,710 --> 00:26:20,000
first i was explaining um

734
00:26:24,230 --> 00:26:22,720
why we don't actually have something

735
00:26:26,870 --> 00:26:24,240
like strong emergence

736
00:26:27,669 --> 00:26:26,880
why all these examples that people have

737
00:26:29,750 --> 00:26:27,679
come up with

738
00:26:30,870 --> 00:26:29,760
are not realistic because they all draw

739
00:26:32,630 --> 00:26:30,880
on um

740
00:26:33,909 --> 00:26:32,640
something being infinitely large in one

741
00:26:37,110 --> 00:26:33,919
way or the other

742
00:26:38,950 --> 00:26:37,120
and then to say but look if you if you

743
00:26:41,029 --> 00:26:38,960
look at effective field theory there is

744
00:26:41,750 --> 00:26:41,039
a way in which this duration can go

745
00:26:44,549 --> 00:26:41,760
wrong

746
00:26:46,710 --> 00:26:44,559
and loosely speaking it's because there

747
00:26:49,269 --> 00:26:46,720
are certain functions

748
00:26:51,269 --> 00:26:49,279
that connect the theory on short

749
00:26:54,549 --> 00:26:51,279
distances with the theory on

750
00:26:57,190 --> 00:26:54,559
long distances that can run into

751
00:26:58,070 --> 00:26:57,200
a singular point and let me be clear

752
00:26:59,909 --> 00:26:58,080
that

753
00:27:01,590 --> 00:26:59,919
just because the point is singular does

754
00:27:02,230 --> 00:27:01,600
not mean that it's actually infinitely

755
00:27:05,110 --> 00:27:02,240
large

756
00:27:05,990 --> 00:27:05,120
but it it can be a point where the

757
00:27:07,909 --> 00:27:06,000
function is actually

758
00:27:10,549 --> 00:27:07,919
zero and all the derivatives are also

759
00:27:10,950 --> 00:27:10,559
zero the thing is that if you're trying

760
00:27:14,470 --> 00:27:10,960
to

761
00:27:16,390 --> 00:27:14,480
continue

762
00:27:18,630 --> 00:27:16,400
from the short distances to the long

763
00:27:20,950 --> 00:27:18,640
distances you can't

764
00:27:22,710 --> 00:27:20,960
so and this is exactly what you would

765
00:27:23,430 --> 00:27:22,720
need for strong emergence to be a real

766
00:27:25,510 --> 00:27:23,440
thing

767
00:27:26,549 --> 00:27:25,520
uh because in that case you would not be

768
00:27:30,149 --> 00:27:26,559
able to derive

769
00:27:31,669 --> 00:27:30,159
anything past that point

770
00:27:33,190 --> 00:27:31,679
and i think that's a theoretical

771
00:27:35,269 --> 00:27:33,200
possibility and that's what i

772
00:27:37,590 --> 00:27:35,279
uh what i wrote this paper about which

773
00:27:40,070 --> 00:27:37,600
is called a case for strong immersions

774
00:27:40,710 --> 00:27:40,080
um this was one of the fqxi essay

775
00:27:42,549 --> 00:27:40,720
contests

776
00:27:45,029 --> 00:27:42,559
uh by the way if someone wants to look

777
00:27:48,070 --> 00:27:45,039
that up um

778
00:27:50,310 --> 00:27:48,080
but um i i don't know

779
00:27:51,430 --> 00:27:50,320
any physical system that would actually

780
00:27:53,269 --> 00:27:51,440
have this property

781
00:27:54,470 --> 00:27:53,279
so it's theoretically i think it's

782
00:27:57,110 --> 00:27:54,480
possible

783
00:27:58,230 --> 00:27:57,120
uh but i i i don't have any reason to

784
00:28:00,549 --> 00:27:58,240
think that it is actually

785
00:28:04,389 --> 00:28:00,559
realized in nature have you heard of lee

786
00:28:07,990 --> 00:28:06,789
uh probably is that the thing that kind

787
00:28:10,710 --> 00:28:08,000
of sounds like

788
00:28:14,230 --> 00:28:10,720
leibniz principle of what's it called

789
00:28:19,269 --> 00:28:17,430
i believe it's that

790
00:28:21,669 --> 00:28:19,279
somewhere in the universe let's say

791
00:28:23,190 --> 00:28:21,679
electrons have conglomerated to form

792
00:28:25,190 --> 00:28:23,200
some property by chance

793
00:28:28,389 --> 00:28:25,200
well then other in other parts of the

794
00:28:30,230 --> 00:28:28,399
universe the electrons know about this

795
00:28:31,990 --> 00:28:30,240
rupert sheldrick if you were to be more

796
00:28:32,870 --> 00:28:32,000
mystical he would call this morphic

797
00:28:35,029 --> 00:28:32,880
resonate

798
00:28:37,830 --> 00:28:35,039
morphic resonance i'm actually speaking

799
00:28:40,789 --> 00:28:37,840
with him in a few hours i'm gonna

800
00:28:42,870 --> 00:28:40,799
probe him on this but if this is true

801
00:28:44,710 --> 00:28:42,880
this to me sounds like a case for strong

802
00:28:47,909 --> 00:28:44,720
emergence as well

803
00:28:50,149 --> 00:28:47,919
am i incorrect so

804
00:28:51,990 --> 00:28:50,159
first i confuse these principles you

805
00:28:54,070 --> 00:28:52,000
know lee likes to introduce

806
00:28:55,029 --> 00:28:54,080
definitions and principles and they're

807
00:28:57,909 --> 00:28:55,039
they're easy to

808
00:28:59,590 --> 00:28:57,919
mix up and i think you're talking about

809
00:29:00,789 --> 00:28:59,600
what he calls like the ensemble

810
00:29:02,389 --> 00:29:00,799
interpretation

811
00:29:04,549 --> 00:29:02,399
okay i could be wrong with my

812
00:29:06,710 --> 00:29:04,559
terminology um

813
00:29:10,830 --> 00:29:06,720
so he wrote a book about this recently

814
00:29:13,510 --> 00:29:12,470
um i never thought about whether this

815
00:29:16,549 --> 00:29:13,520
would be

816
00:29:19,909 --> 00:29:16,559
emergence

817
00:29:21,990 --> 00:29:19,919
um so i i sorry i just okay that's fine

818
00:29:24,830 --> 00:29:22,000
that's fine what does this what does

819
00:29:26,149 --> 00:29:24,840
strong emergence have to say about free

820
00:29:30,870 --> 00:29:26,159
will

821
00:29:34,789 --> 00:29:30,880
well um so as long as you only have

822
00:29:38,070 --> 00:29:34,799
weak emergence um free will

823
00:29:38,789 --> 00:29:38,080
does not exist uh for the simple reason

824
00:29:45,269 --> 00:29:38,799
that

825
00:29:46,549 --> 00:29:45,279
in particular physics they are all

826
00:29:48,470 --> 00:29:46,559
deterministic

827
00:29:50,630 --> 00:29:48,480
you know you you give me an initial

828
00:29:52,389 --> 00:29:50,640
state of the universe at some time i

829
00:29:54,470 --> 00:29:52,399
apply my equations to it

830
00:29:56,710 --> 00:29:54,480
and i can calculate the state of the

831
00:29:58,950 --> 00:29:56,720
universe at any later time

832
00:30:00,549 --> 00:29:58,960
it's it's kind of the same thing with as

833
00:30:02,630 --> 00:30:00,559
with laplace's demon

834
00:30:03,750 --> 00:30:02,640
the one difference is that we know of

835
00:30:06,149 --> 00:30:03,760
quantum mechanics

836
00:30:07,430 --> 00:30:06,159
so in addition to this deterministic

837
00:30:08,950 --> 00:30:07,440
time evolution

838
00:30:10,710 --> 00:30:08,960
there's an element of randomness

839
00:30:12,630 --> 00:30:10,720
sprinkled over this which comes from the

840
00:30:14,710 --> 00:30:12,640
measurement in quantum mechanics

841
00:30:16,870 --> 00:30:14,720
so you have a combination of this

842
00:30:18,230 --> 00:30:16,880
deterministic time evolution and then

843
00:30:18,710 --> 00:30:18,240
every once in a while there's something

844
00:30:21,990 --> 00:30:18,720
which

845
00:30:25,830 --> 00:30:22,000
is unpredictable and neither

846
00:30:29,590 --> 00:30:25,840
of which uh is anything like what we

847
00:30:31,750 --> 00:30:29,600
normally kind of intuitively uh refer to

848
00:30:32,710 --> 00:30:31,760
as free will and now i know of course

849
00:30:35,510 --> 00:30:32,720
that there are a lot of

850
00:30:35,990 --> 00:30:35,520
philosophers who have you know bend over

851
00:30:38,710 --> 00:30:36,000
backwards

852
00:30:40,950 --> 00:30:38,720
to try and find a definition for free

853
00:30:42,630 --> 00:30:40,960
will that would be compatible with that

854
00:30:45,110 --> 00:30:42,640
um you know this is this whole idea of

855
00:30:46,789 --> 00:30:45,120
compatibilism and i don't really like to

856
00:30:49,669 --> 00:30:46,799
argue about

857
00:30:51,350 --> 00:30:49,679
you know the use of words but i you know

858
00:30:52,710 --> 00:30:51,360
i would think that this notion of free

859
00:30:54,389 --> 00:30:52,720
will that the philosophers are

860
00:30:55,110 --> 00:30:54,399
discussing it's not a notion of free

861
00:30:57,990 --> 00:30:55,120
will that

862
00:30:58,470 --> 00:30:58,000
uh you know someone on the street uh

863
00:31:00,149 --> 00:30:58,480
would

864
00:31:01,990 --> 00:31:00,159
remotely understand you know you're

865
00:31:03,350 --> 00:31:02,000
referring to the philosophers who say

866
00:31:04,470 --> 00:31:03,360
that free will can be saved under

867
00:31:05,830 --> 00:31:04,480
compatibilism

868
00:31:07,509 --> 00:31:05,840
but their definition of free will

869
00:31:08,870 --> 00:31:07,519
doesn't comport with people's intuitive

870
00:31:11,029 --> 00:31:08,880
definition of free will

871
00:31:12,710 --> 00:31:11,039
and the intuitive definition of free

872
00:31:15,430 --> 00:31:12,720
will is called libertarianism

873
00:31:16,070 --> 00:31:15,440
libertarian free will but it doesn't

874
00:31:18,630 --> 00:31:16,080
matter

875
00:31:19,350 --> 00:31:18,640
so yeah i'm not i i don't know so in

876
00:31:22,549 --> 00:31:19,360
your opinion

877
00:31:24,470 --> 00:31:22,559
do you believe that so i i think like

878
00:31:26,389 --> 00:31:24,480
intuitively the idea that people have

879
00:31:28,630 --> 00:31:26,399
is that there are like they're different

880
00:31:29,590 --> 00:31:28,640
futures and you're using this thing you

881
00:31:31,350 --> 00:31:29,600
call free will

882
00:31:33,029 --> 00:31:31,360
which is basically you and you pick one

883
00:31:36,549 --> 00:31:33,039
of these futures

884
00:31:38,630 --> 00:31:36,559
and you know what i just said about

885
00:31:40,470 --> 00:31:38,640
the underlying fundamental laws is that

886
00:31:41,590 --> 00:31:40,480
it's a combination of determinism and

887
00:31:43,110 --> 00:31:41,600
randomness

888
00:31:45,350 --> 00:31:43,120
it doesn't leave place for anything like

889
00:31:52,470 --> 00:31:45,360
that

890
00:31:54,630 --> 00:31:52,480
um have this breakdown of the connection

891
00:31:58,470 --> 00:31:54,640
between the underlying law

892
00:31:59,350 --> 00:31:58,480
and um the the law on larger states like

893
00:32:01,350 --> 00:31:59,360
human beings

894
00:32:02,789 --> 00:32:01,360
you and i stuff like that or maybe

895
00:32:06,070 --> 00:32:02,799
already at the level of

896
00:32:07,750 --> 00:32:06,080
viruses of god knows what um then in

897
00:32:10,710 --> 00:32:07,760
principle you can have

898
00:32:11,830 --> 00:32:10,720
entirely different laws and of course

899
00:32:13,110 --> 00:32:11,840
that would bring up the question well

900
00:32:15,190 --> 00:32:13,120
what are these laws but

901
00:32:16,470 --> 00:32:15,200
well nobody knows but at least in

902
00:32:18,389 --> 00:32:16,480
principle um

903
00:32:20,630 --> 00:32:18,399
you know if you have strong emergence

904
00:32:24,549 --> 00:32:20,640
there's room for that

905
00:32:30,070 --> 00:32:24,559
do you believe in free will personally

906
00:32:33,830 --> 00:32:30,080
no do you believe in god

907
00:32:36,789 --> 00:32:33,840
no okay

908
00:32:38,389 --> 00:32:36,799
let's move on then why why not agnostic

909
00:32:39,830 --> 00:32:38,399
so that sounds like atheism yeah

910
00:32:42,070 --> 00:32:39,840
i was about to say that it kind of

911
00:32:44,389 --> 00:32:42,080
depends on whether you're asking me

912
00:32:45,590 --> 00:32:44,399
in my profession as a scientist i would

913
00:32:47,190 --> 00:32:45,600
say i'm agnostic

914
00:32:48,950 --> 00:32:47,200
i don't care one way or the other if you

915
00:32:50,070 --> 00:32:48,960
ask me personally you know the way that

916
00:32:52,149 --> 00:32:50,080
i arrange my life

917
00:32:53,990 --> 00:32:52,159
the way that i think about things i just

918
00:32:55,909 --> 00:32:54,000
don't believe it

919
00:32:57,830 --> 00:32:55,919
there's one way of getting around

920
00:32:58,710 --> 00:32:57,840
belle's inequality and it's called super

921
00:33:01,669 --> 00:32:58,720
determinism

922
00:33:03,190 --> 00:33:01,679
and i'm i'm curious if you heard of it

923
00:33:04,870 --> 00:33:03,200
and if you don't mind

924
00:33:06,230 --> 00:33:04,880
explaining it to our audience and then

925
00:33:09,350 --> 00:33:06,240
giving what your thoughts are

926
00:33:11,909 --> 00:33:09,360
on it yes i've heard of it

927
00:33:13,750 --> 00:33:11,919
um as i said in the very beginning i'm

928
00:33:15,750 --> 00:33:13,760
partly working in the foundations

929
00:33:18,070 --> 00:33:15,760
of quantum mechanics and and that's what

930
00:33:22,789 --> 00:33:18,080
i'm working on

931
00:33:27,590 --> 00:33:22,799
um so as you correctly say

932
00:33:30,230 --> 00:33:27,600
super determinism is one of the ways to

933
00:33:30,870 --> 00:33:30,240
get around the conclusions of bell's

934
00:33:33,909 --> 00:33:30,880
theorem

935
00:33:37,029 --> 00:33:33,919
which could be summarized as

936
00:33:40,310 --> 00:33:37,039
if you have um a

937
00:33:42,310 --> 00:33:40,320
local and deterministic theory like

938
00:33:43,830 --> 00:33:42,320
roughly speaking you know very roughly

939
00:33:45,269 --> 00:33:43,840
like the way that we are used to from

940
00:33:47,190 --> 00:33:45,279
newtonian mechanics

941
00:33:48,389 --> 00:33:47,200
you know um there's no randomness in

942
00:33:50,230 --> 00:33:48,399
that it's all

943
00:33:51,590 --> 00:33:50,240
deterministic there's no spooky action

944
00:33:54,630 --> 00:33:51,600
at the

945
00:33:58,630 --> 00:33:54,640
that kind of stuff in which

946
00:34:02,070 --> 00:33:58,640
the outcomes of quantum mechanics are

947
00:34:03,350 --> 00:34:02,080
actually determined but you cannot

948
00:34:06,549 --> 00:34:03,360
predict them just

949
00:34:09,829 --> 00:34:06,559
information

950
00:34:11,829 --> 00:34:09,839
um so in this case the

951
00:34:13,669 --> 00:34:11,839
quantum mechanics would be probabilistic

952
00:34:15,990 --> 00:34:13,679
for the exact same reason

953
00:34:17,669 --> 00:34:16,000
that you normally have probabilistic

954
00:34:19,190 --> 00:34:17,679
predictions if you're throwing dice or

955
00:34:21,829 --> 00:34:19,200
something this you just don't you're

956
00:34:23,430 --> 00:34:21,839
you're missing information and so

957
00:34:26,550 --> 00:34:23,440
belle's theorem tells you

958
00:34:28,470 --> 00:34:26,560
um you can't do that

959
00:34:30,310 --> 00:34:28,480
because any theory that has these

960
00:34:33,270 --> 00:34:30,320
properties

961
00:34:34,950 --> 00:34:33,280
will be in conflict with certain

962
00:34:36,950 --> 00:34:34,960
experiments that have been done

963
00:34:37,990 --> 00:34:36,960
so that's the thing that's called bells

964
00:34:39,829 --> 00:34:38,000
inequality

965
00:34:41,349 --> 00:34:39,839
and all theories of the type that i was

966
00:34:45,750 --> 00:34:41,359
just talking about

967
00:34:47,669 --> 00:34:45,760
um tell you have to obey this inequality

968
00:34:49,270 --> 00:34:47,679
but experimentally you know that it can

969
00:34:51,990 --> 00:34:49,280
be violated

970
00:34:52,629 --> 00:34:52,000
so this this just rules out um this type

971
00:34:55,669 --> 00:34:52,639
of

972
00:34:59,829 --> 00:34:55,679
to mean

973
00:35:02,870 --> 00:34:59,839
that um you know quantum mechanics is

974
00:35:06,150 --> 00:35:02,880
a non-local and it's a non-realist

975
00:35:06,870 --> 00:35:06,160
theory and so on now um there is one

976
00:35:09,589 --> 00:35:06,880
assumption of

977
00:35:12,870 --> 00:35:09,599
inbound theorem which is called

978
00:35:15,109 --> 00:35:12,880
statistical independence

979
00:35:16,950 --> 00:35:15,119
and this is really really essential to

980
00:35:19,990 --> 00:35:16,960
arrive at this conclusion

981
00:35:22,230 --> 00:35:20,000
so if you throw out this assumption of

982
00:35:23,510 --> 00:35:22,240
statistical independence you can very

983
00:35:26,310 --> 00:35:23,520
well have a theory

984
00:35:26,790 --> 00:35:26,320
that is deterministic and local and

985
00:35:30,630 --> 00:35:26,800
still

986
00:35:31,829 --> 00:35:30,640
violates um belt's inequalities and is

987
00:35:34,550 --> 00:35:31,839
therefore compatible

988
00:35:35,670 --> 00:35:34,560
with all observations and personally i

989
00:35:38,950 --> 00:35:35,680
think that this is

990
00:35:40,230 --> 00:35:38,960
much more reasonable to than to buy into

991
00:35:43,829 --> 00:35:40,240
all this

992
00:35:45,750 --> 00:35:43,839
you know philosophically uh

993
00:35:48,230 --> 00:35:45,760
stuff about having a non-realist

994
00:35:50,710 --> 00:35:48,240
interpretation that is somehow

995
00:35:53,190 --> 00:35:50,720
you know always drawing on microscopic

996
00:35:55,270 --> 00:35:53,200
concepts like detector measurements or

997
00:35:56,470 --> 00:35:55,280
agents and the knowledge and that kind

998
00:35:58,230 --> 00:35:56,480
of stuff and yet

999
00:36:00,790 --> 00:35:58,240
still somehow compatible with

1000
00:36:03,589 --> 00:36:00,800
reductionism

1001
00:36:05,030 --> 00:36:03,599
the only thing that this requires is

1002
00:36:08,470 --> 00:36:05,040
that you give up on this

1003
00:36:10,310 --> 00:36:08,480
rather mathematical assumption of

1004
00:36:13,270 --> 00:36:10,320
statistical independence

1005
00:36:13,990 --> 00:36:13,280
now you may ask but what does it mean to

1006
00:36:16,390 --> 00:36:14,000
give up on

1007
00:36:18,069 --> 00:36:16,400
statistical independence so just

1008
00:36:21,670 --> 00:36:18,079
technically it means

1009
00:36:25,190 --> 00:36:21,680
that the outcome of the measurement

1010
00:36:28,150 --> 00:36:25,200
depends on the setting of the detector

1011
00:36:30,150 --> 00:36:28,160
and if you want to interpret this more

1012
00:36:31,109 --> 00:36:30,160
broadly it basically means that there

1013
00:36:35,750 --> 00:36:31,119
are

1014
00:36:37,430 --> 00:36:35,760
entirely

1015
00:36:39,109 --> 00:36:37,440
disconnected from each other so

1016
00:36:41,829 --> 00:36:39,119
basically everything

1017
00:36:43,270 --> 00:36:41,839
is connected with everything else in in

1018
00:36:46,230 --> 00:36:43,280
very very subtle ways

1019
00:36:46,710 --> 00:36:46,240
so that you don't normally notice it

1020
00:36:50,150 --> 00:36:46,720
like

1021
00:36:51,829 --> 00:36:50,160
uh in in you know everyday life

1022
00:36:53,349 --> 00:36:51,839
we don't notice quantum effects and so

1023
00:36:56,069 --> 00:36:53,359
we also don't notice

1024
00:36:57,430 --> 00:36:56,079
these subtle correlations but if you do

1025
00:37:00,710 --> 00:36:57,440
a bell-type

1026
00:37:04,550 --> 00:37:00,720
test or some other quantum experiment uh

1027
00:37:06,390 --> 00:37:04,560
then um you become sensitive to that

1028
00:37:08,550 --> 00:37:06,400
how's this congruent with special

1029
00:37:10,069 --> 00:37:08,560
relativity that is that you can't break

1030
00:37:13,270 --> 00:37:10,079
the speed of light how is it that

1031
00:37:17,270 --> 00:37:13,280
we can be connected to what is

1032
00:37:18,630 --> 00:37:17,280
outside the the cone

1033
00:37:21,030 --> 00:37:18,640
well you you can have in special

1034
00:37:24,630 --> 00:37:21,040
relativity you can very well have

1035
00:37:27,589 --> 00:37:24,640
um correlations between um

1036
00:37:29,349 --> 00:37:27,599
you know distant points um they they

1037
00:37:30,310 --> 00:37:29,359
will be within some light cone of

1038
00:37:32,870 --> 00:37:30,320
something

1039
00:37:33,430 --> 00:37:32,880
um it just you know just because they're

1040
00:37:36,710 --> 00:37:33,440
in

1041
00:37:38,950 --> 00:37:36,720
were

1042
00:37:40,230 --> 00:37:38,960
created at a distance you know they can

1043
00:37:43,430 --> 00:37:40,240
have been

1044
00:37:43,990 --> 00:37:43,440
created locally right right do you have

1045
00:37:47,109 --> 00:37:44,000
any

1046
00:37:48,870 --> 00:37:47,119
thoughts on the emergence of possible

1047
00:37:53,349 --> 00:37:48,880
emergence of consciousness or whether or

1048
00:37:57,510 --> 00:37:56,069
well um i don't think there's that

1049
00:38:01,270 --> 00:37:57,520
consciousness is all that

1050
00:38:02,790 --> 00:38:01,280
mysterious um so you know i'm a particle

1051
00:38:04,870 --> 00:38:02,800
for this is i'm a reductionist of course

1052
00:38:05,990 --> 00:38:04,880
i think that consciousness is weakly

1053
00:38:10,390 --> 00:38:06,000
emergent

1054
00:38:13,990 --> 00:38:10,400
as i guess most people in my discipline

1055
00:38:17,349 --> 00:38:14,000
you know it's it's it comes from

1056
00:38:20,390 --> 00:38:17,359
the way that complex systems

1057
00:38:22,150 --> 00:38:20,400
process information i would say and at

1058
00:38:24,470 --> 00:38:22,160
some level

1059
00:38:26,230 --> 00:38:24,480
it becomes beneficial for the system in

1060
00:38:29,030 --> 00:38:26,240
terms of natural selection to have a

1061
00:38:30,870 --> 00:38:29,040
self-monitoring process

1062
00:38:32,550 --> 00:38:30,880
so that's a peculiar thing about

1063
00:38:33,589 --> 00:38:32,560
consciousness is that most of the time

1064
00:38:35,270 --> 00:38:33,599
we're actually

1065
00:38:36,790 --> 00:38:35,280
not really aware of a lot of stuff

1066
00:38:38,390 --> 00:38:36,800
that's going on

1067
00:38:40,150 --> 00:38:38,400
so that that's all the stuff that we put

1068
00:38:42,790 --> 00:38:40,160
into the subconsciousness

1069
00:38:43,990 --> 00:38:42,800
um which basically frees up i guess some

1070
00:38:47,270 --> 00:38:44,000
processing power

1071
00:38:50,230 --> 00:38:47,280
uh on the higher levels and

1072
00:38:51,589 --> 00:38:50,240
um i i don't think that consciousness is

1073
00:38:54,950 --> 00:38:51,599
specific to

1074
00:38:57,270 --> 00:38:54,960
um you know biological forms of life

1075
00:38:59,589 --> 00:38:57,280
um but that sooner or later there will

1076
00:39:01,670 --> 00:38:59,599
be some computers that will reach some

1077
00:39:03,990 --> 00:39:01,680
levels of consciousness

1078
00:39:04,790 --> 00:39:04,000
so that is the sun even has a level of

1079
00:39:07,829 --> 00:39:04,800
consciousness

1080
00:39:11,109 --> 00:39:07,839
and the planets do

1081
00:39:13,589 --> 00:39:11,119
well you know there's there's

1082
00:39:14,230 --> 00:39:13,599
some it depends on exactly how you

1083
00:39:20,790 --> 00:39:14,240
define

1084
00:39:21,589 --> 00:39:20,800
consciousness um by information

1085
00:39:24,630 --> 00:39:21,599
processing

1086
00:39:28,710 --> 00:39:24,640
uh capacity uh together with some

1087
00:39:31,829 --> 00:39:28,720
level of self-awareness um then

1088
00:39:35,190 --> 00:39:31,839
you may find that pretty much any system

1089
00:39:37,750 --> 00:39:35,200
has a very very small level of uh

1090
00:39:38,390 --> 00:39:37,760
consciousness at some point uh but it's

1091
00:39:42,069 --> 00:39:38,400
rather

1092
00:39:43,910 --> 00:39:42,079
meaningless you know it's i guess that

1093
00:39:45,510 --> 00:39:43,920
you would have to pretty arbitrarily at

1094
00:39:46,710 --> 00:39:45,520
some point just say okay we call it

1095
00:39:48,230 --> 00:39:46,720
consciousness

1096
00:39:49,990 --> 00:39:48,240
if it's larger then i don't know

1097
00:39:51,990 --> 00:39:50,000
something right

1098
00:39:53,430 --> 00:39:52,000
now how do we test that i i can see that

1099
00:39:55,670 --> 00:39:53,440
we can come up with a measurement for

1100
00:39:58,150 --> 00:39:55,680
consciousness but it's not as if we can

1101
00:40:01,589 --> 00:39:58,160
it sounds like we're simply defining

1102
00:40:07,270 --> 00:40:04,710
a certain level of self monitoring

1103
00:40:08,710 --> 00:40:07,280
information processing but it's not well

1104
00:40:10,790 --> 00:40:08,720
you know on this verbal level

1105
00:40:12,069 --> 00:40:10,800
of course you can't test it you actually

1106
00:40:14,550 --> 00:40:12,079
need to write down

1107
00:40:16,150 --> 00:40:14,560
a particular model that you know

1108
00:40:19,510 --> 00:40:16,160
quantifies

1109
00:40:21,109 --> 00:40:19,520
just what it takes um what's what

1110
00:40:22,150 --> 00:40:21,119
exactly needs to be happening in the

1111
00:40:24,870 --> 00:40:22,160
brain

1112
00:40:26,470 --> 00:40:24,880
um and and so on and so forth and uh

1113
00:40:30,150 --> 00:40:26,480
then i think you can very well go and

1114
00:40:33,910 --> 00:40:32,950
okay well what i'm saying is that if you

1115
00:40:37,430 --> 00:40:33,920
measure it

1116
00:40:39,190 --> 00:40:37,440
let's imagine there's someone who has

1117
00:40:40,950 --> 00:40:39,200
a low level of what we would predict to

1118
00:40:41,349 --> 00:40:40,960
be consciousness so let's just give it a

1119
00:40:42,870 --> 00:40:41,359
number

1120
00:40:44,390 --> 00:40:42,880
they have consciousness we would predict

1121
00:40:45,750 --> 00:40:44,400
that they have we can

1122
00:40:47,990 --> 00:40:45,760
we can figure out their brain state

1123
00:40:51,349 --> 00:40:48,000
almost exactly and we can

1124
00:40:52,309 --> 00:40:51,359
imagine that from our data from our

1125
00:40:55,109 --> 00:40:52,319
theory that they should have

1126
00:40:57,030 --> 00:40:55,119
consciousness at level 10. but they say

1127
00:40:58,150 --> 00:40:57,040
and somehow we have to get we have to

1128
00:40:59,510 --> 00:40:58,160
have a way of

1129
00:41:02,470 --> 00:40:59,520
saying this they're like no no i have

1130
00:41:04,390 --> 00:41:02,480
consciousness at level 20.

1131
00:41:05,670 --> 00:41:04,400
or someone who we predict at level 10

1132
00:41:07,349 --> 00:41:05,680
said no no i'm i'm actually

1133
00:41:13,750 --> 00:41:07,359
consciousness level 5.

1134
00:41:18,790 --> 00:41:17,109
it just sounds like a definition yes

1135
00:41:20,950 --> 00:41:18,800
there's probably something fishy about

1136
00:41:22,550 --> 00:41:20,960
your definition is what i would say

1137
00:41:25,109 --> 00:41:22,560
look of course you want you want a

1138
00:41:28,309 --> 00:41:25,119
definition that actually agrees

1139
00:41:31,109 --> 00:41:28,319
you know to quite some extent with um

1140
00:41:33,190 --> 00:41:31,119
what we normally mean by consciousness

1141
00:41:34,870 --> 00:41:33,200
right i mean we have we have an idea of

1142
00:41:37,829 --> 00:41:34,880
consciousness like

1143
00:41:39,670 --> 00:41:37,839
you're conscious i i am conscious uh you

1144
00:41:42,950 --> 00:41:39,680
know other people are conscious

1145
00:41:44,470 --> 00:41:42,960
um my computer is not conscious at least

1146
00:41:46,150 --> 00:41:44,480
not on a noticeable level

1147
00:41:48,550 --> 00:41:46,160
you know you could say that maybe the

1148
00:41:51,750 --> 00:41:48,560
the task manager or something is

1149
00:41:52,790 --> 00:41:51,760
some level of self-awareness but it's so

1150
00:41:55,750 --> 00:41:52,800
tiny that

1151
00:41:57,750 --> 00:41:55,760
um you know i i can't have a meaningful

1152
00:41:58,710 --> 00:41:57,760
conversation with my computer let me put

1153
00:42:02,309 --> 00:41:58,720
it like this

1154
00:42:05,190 --> 00:42:02,319
and so um if we managed to come up with

1155
00:42:05,990 --> 00:42:05,200
some definition of consciousness we will

1156
00:42:09,670 --> 00:42:06,000
wanted

1157
00:42:13,829 --> 00:42:09,680
to agree with our

1158
00:42:16,390 --> 00:42:13,839
our intuition basically for our audience

1159
00:42:18,309 --> 00:42:16,400
do you mind explaining i know that

1160
00:42:19,589 --> 00:42:18,319
wolfram's theory is not

1161
00:42:21,990 --> 00:42:19,599
it's not something you've studied

1162
00:42:24,790 --> 00:42:22,000
immensely but wolfram does say that the

1163
00:42:28,230 --> 00:42:24,800
universe is inherently computational

1164
00:42:30,230 --> 00:42:28,240
what does that mean well

1165
00:42:31,990 --> 00:42:30,240
i think you should ask a word from about

1166
00:42:35,750 --> 00:42:32,000
this not me okay

1167
00:42:36,230 --> 00:42:35,760
okay so your you would say that the mind

1168
00:42:37,670 --> 00:42:36,240
body

1169
00:42:38,870 --> 00:42:37,680
you know in philosophy there's something

1170
00:42:40,309 --> 00:42:38,880
called the mind body problem the mind

1171
00:42:44,550 --> 00:42:40,319
body problem itself it's just

1172
00:42:47,190 --> 00:42:44,560
body and then no i i don't know i didn't

1173
00:42:48,550 --> 00:42:47,200
i said it's solvable it's there seem to

1174
00:42:49,349 --> 00:42:48,560
be a lot of people who have this kind of

1175
00:42:51,349 --> 00:42:49,359
this

1176
00:42:53,030 --> 00:42:51,359
mystic attitude like there's there's

1177
00:42:54,870 --> 00:42:53,040
something

1178
00:42:56,790 --> 00:42:54,880
so special about consciousness we'll

1179
00:42:58,630 --> 00:42:56,800
never be able to

1180
00:42:59,990 --> 00:42:58,640
figure out how it works with science and

1181
00:43:01,430 --> 00:43:00,000
i'm like

1182
00:43:03,109 --> 00:43:01,440
you know let's talk about this again in

1183
00:43:04,550 --> 00:43:03,119
100 years and i'll tell you we'll have

1184
00:43:07,349 --> 00:43:04,560
figured it out

1185
00:43:09,270 --> 00:43:07,359
i see i see okay let's get to your music

1186
00:43:12,470 --> 00:43:09,280
what does

1187
00:43:14,550 --> 00:43:12,480
you have this creative

1188
00:43:16,470 --> 00:43:14,560
urge this itch inside you that you have

1189
00:43:20,069 --> 00:43:16,480
to just get it out there

1190
00:43:21,750 --> 00:43:20,079
or or you just do it for fun or or what

1191
00:43:24,550 --> 00:43:21,760
there's not many physicists that i know

1192
00:43:26,950 --> 00:43:24,560
that post music videos

1193
00:43:28,870 --> 00:43:26,960
both i would say um you know i i

1194
00:43:31,030 --> 00:43:28,880
definitely have some

1195
00:43:33,030 --> 00:43:31,040
need for creative outlet for a long time

1196
00:43:33,510 --> 00:43:33,040
i used to paint actually i used to paint

1197
00:43:36,550 --> 00:43:33,520
and then

1198
00:43:39,190 --> 00:43:36,560
um you know i had kids and uh you know

1199
00:43:40,710 --> 00:43:39,200
oil colors and small children don't mix

1200
00:43:42,950 --> 00:43:40,720
well

1201
00:43:44,230 --> 00:43:42,960
uh so i had to find something else and

1202
00:43:46,150 --> 00:43:44,240
that's when i started

1203
00:43:48,069 --> 00:43:46,160
writing songs and you know the the i

1204
00:43:49,750 --> 00:43:48,079
i'll admit like the first five years

1205
00:43:52,630 --> 00:43:49,760
probably the output was pretty terrible

1206
00:43:55,349 --> 00:43:52,640
but you know i've learned something sin

1207
00:43:57,030 --> 00:43:55,359
since and i really enjoy it you know i i

1208
00:43:58,630 --> 00:43:57,040
sometimes feel like if i'm

1209
00:44:00,630 --> 00:43:58,640
thinking too much about physics i get a

1210
00:44:02,550 --> 00:44:00,640
headache like literally

1211
00:44:03,670 --> 00:44:02,560
i i find it really stressful and the

1212
00:44:06,870 --> 00:44:03,680
good thing about

1213
00:44:08,150 --> 00:44:06,880
um creative enterprise is that it clears

1214
00:44:10,230 --> 00:44:08,160
out your mind

1215
00:44:13,109 --> 00:44:10,240
you know you get something else in there

1216
00:44:15,510 --> 00:44:13,119
and um so i do music

1217
00:44:17,430 --> 00:44:15,520
i've uh tried to teach myself how to

1218
00:44:18,550 --> 00:44:17,440
sing something that youtube is really

1219
00:44:20,150 --> 00:44:18,560
good for by the way

1220
00:44:22,230 --> 00:44:20,160
you know right did you also learning

1221
00:44:23,670 --> 00:44:22,240
something new did you teach yourself how

1222
00:44:24,630 --> 00:44:23,680
to edit or does someone else edit those

1223
00:44:27,430 --> 00:44:24,640
music videos

1224
00:44:27,829 --> 00:44:27,440
do you use after effects or what oh the

1225
00:44:33,510 --> 00:44:27,839
so

1226
00:44:37,030 --> 00:44:36,150
and yeah it's pretty much learning by

1227
00:44:39,270 --> 00:44:37,040
doing

1228
00:44:40,790 --> 00:44:39,280
i guess i've just made every possible

1229
00:44:42,710 --> 00:44:40,800
mistake that you can make

1230
00:44:43,990 --> 00:44:42,720
and at some point it starts looking kind

1231
00:44:46,550 --> 00:44:44,000
of okayish

1232
00:44:47,670 --> 00:44:46,560
you know in the sense that if you watch

1233
00:44:50,390 --> 00:44:47,680
it on your phone

1234
00:44:51,270 --> 00:44:50,400
um you won't be able to see most of the

1235
00:44:54,550 --> 00:44:51,280
glitches

1236
00:44:55,109 --> 00:44:54,560
so that's kind of i mean i sometimes i

1237
00:44:57,510 --> 00:44:55,119
watch

1238
00:44:59,990 --> 00:44:57,520
like professionally made videos and i'm

1239
00:45:00,790 --> 00:45:00,000
always odd i'm like this is so great you

1240
00:45:06,950 --> 00:45:00,800
know

1241
00:45:07,990 --> 00:45:06,960
autofocus and sometimes it goes wrong

1242
00:45:09,910 --> 00:45:08,000
and focuses on the

1243
00:45:11,349 --> 00:45:09,920
on the wrong thing or you know stuff

1244
00:45:13,510 --> 00:45:11,359
like i forget to plug in the

1245
00:45:15,349 --> 00:45:13,520
the microphone cable or stupid things

1246
00:45:15,990 --> 00:45:15,359
and then i talk for like an hour and in

1247
00:45:18,950 --> 00:45:16,000
the end

1248
00:45:20,470 --> 00:45:18,960
i haven't recorded stupid and it can get

1249
00:45:24,470 --> 00:45:20,480
really frustrating but

1250
00:45:25,510 --> 00:45:24,480
um yeah um you know after after doing

1251
00:45:28,150 --> 00:45:25,520
this for a while

1252
00:45:28,870 --> 00:45:28,160
you you kind of develop a work routine

1253
00:45:31,349 --> 00:45:28,880
and

1254
00:45:33,270 --> 00:45:31,359
so so i really do it all myself also the

1255
00:45:34,710 --> 00:45:33,280
music videos i mean every once in a

1256
00:45:36,309 --> 00:45:34,720
while you know i need someone to hold

1257
00:45:38,309 --> 00:45:36,319
the camera

1258
00:45:39,910 --> 00:45:38,319
my husband or my brother or my mother

1259
00:45:41,990 --> 00:45:39,920
usually um

1260
00:45:43,990 --> 00:45:42,000
but other than that i i do it all myself

1261
00:45:45,270 --> 00:45:44,000
you know i i write the songs i record

1262
00:45:49,270 --> 00:45:45,280
them

1263
00:45:50,309 --> 00:45:49,280
i do the mixing um i i do the videos i

1264
00:45:53,990 --> 00:45:50,319
do the makeup

1265
00:45:57,190 --> 00:45:54,000
the clothing the editing

1266
00:45:58,470 --> 00:45:57,200
um everything pretty much yeah do you

1267
00:46:02,069 --> 00:45:58,480
find that

1268
00:46:03,670 --> 00:46:02,079
your days are are structured where

1269
00:46:05,270 --> 00:46:03,680
at the institute you don't have to teach

1270
00:46:06,950 --> 00:46:05,280
as far as i know so you pretty much do

1271
00:46:09,430 --> 00:46:06,960
research do you

1272
00:46:10,790 --> 00:46:09,440
do you wake up at a specific time and

1273
00:46:12,309 --> 00:46:10,800
then you

1274
00:46:13,990 --> 00:46:12,319
go to bed at a specific time and you

1275
00:46:17,190 --> 00:46:14,000
read papers from a certain time

1276
00:46:19,190 --> 00:46:17,200
or is it is every day chaotic no

1277
00:46:21,190 --> 00:46:19,200
i i'm very much a routine person you

1278
00:46:23,670 --> 00:46:21,200
know am i my days

1279
00:46:25,430 --> 00:46:23,680
look kind of really yeah yeah but it's

1280
00:46:26,550 --> 00:46:25,440
also it's not just me it's because you

1281
00:46:29,349 --> 00:46:26,560
know i have two children

1282
00:46:30,630 --> 00:46:29,359
uh who normally would go to school so

1283
00:46:31,829 --> 00:46:30,640
right now of course the schools are

1284
00:46:33,829 --> 00:46:31,839
close but

1285
00:46:35,109 --> 00:46:33,839
you know you just you get this routine

1286
00:46:36,470 --> 00:46:35,119
because you have to

1287
00:46:38,069 --> 00:46:36,480
wake them up and get them to school and

1288
00:46:38,550 --> 00:46:38,079
then they come back at a certain time

1289
00:46:40,870 --> 00:46:38,560
and

1290
00:46:42,870 --> 00:46:40,880
by then you have better done your your

1291
00:46:44,630 --> 00:46:42,880
job right

1292
00:46:47,109 --> 00:46:44,640
what does your day look like then in

1293
00:46:47,990 --> 00:46:47,119
terms of how much time you spend working

1294
00:46:49,510 --> 00:46:48,000
and what do you

1295
00:46:51,270 --> 00:46:49,520
specifically work on are you reading

1296
00:46:52,069 --> 00:46:51,280
papers most of the time are you sitting

1297
00:46:53,990 --> 00:46:52,079
with a pen

1298
00:46:57,510 --> 00:46:54,000
looking at the wall like i'm i'm

1299
00:47:00,150 --> 00:46:57,520
actually interested in the specifics

1300
00:47:01,349 --> 00:47:00,160
well so i should probably say that right

1301
00:47:03,990 --> 00:47:01,359
now everything is just

1302
00:47:04,630 --> 00:47:04,000
different you know normally i would be

1303
00:47:08,630 --> 00:47:04,640
at

1304
00:47:10,950 --> 00:47:08,640
been working for

1305
00:47:11,829 --> 00:47:10,960
from home for three months with the kids

1306
00:47:14,150 --> 00:47:11,839
in the background

1307
00:47:15,750 --> 00:47:14,160
and a lot of stuff didn't really get

1308
00:47:17,190 --> 00:47:15,760
done because

1309
00:47:19,190 --> 00:47:17,200
you know they're just other things that

1310
00:47:20,870 --> 00:47:19,200
keep getting in the way i have to remind

1311
00:47:23,510 --> 00:47:20,880
them to do their homework i have to cook

1312
00:47:26,150 --> 00:47:23,520
for them that that kind of stuff

1313
00:47:27,190 --> 00:47:26,160
so it's not it's not normal the way that

1314
00:47:30,230 --> 00:47:27,200
it is right now but

1315
00:47:31,990 --> 00:47:30,240
um normally um i mean

1316
00:47:33,910 --> 00:47:32,000
so there are there are many different

1317
00:47:35,750 --> 00:47:33,920
aspects of um

1318
00:47:37,589 --> 00:47:35,760
being a theoretical physicist as you

1319
00:47:38,069 --> 00:47:37,599
already pointed out so i work at the

1320
00:47:41,349 --> 00:47:38,079
research

1321
00:47:43,510 --> 00:47:41,359
institute i don't have teaching duties

1322
00:47:44,470 --> 00:47:43,520
and that of course is also part of the

1323
00:47:47,910 --> 00:47:44,480
reason why

1324
00:47:51,349 --> 00:47:47,920
i'm active in public outreach is kind of

1325
00:47:54,069 --> 00:47:51,359
filling in this educational part that

1326
00:47:54,710 --> 00:47:54,079
i don't have in my job so i kind of feel

1327
00:47:57,910 --> 00:47:54,720
like

1328
00:48:00,150 --> 00:47:57,920
i need to give back something to society

1329
00:48:01,430 --> 00:48:00,160
because i know some professors they love

1330
00:48:03,109 --> 00:48:01,440
research and they

1331
00:48:05,190 --> 00:48:03,119
dislike teaching now some are the

1332
00:48:06,549 --> 00:48:05,200
opposite i think feynman actually

1333
00:48:08,710 --> 00:48:06,559
left the institute because he's like i

1334
00:48:09,510 --> 00:48:08,720
gotta teach i can't i have to be in the

1335
00:48:11,270 --> 00:48:09,520
field

1336
00:48:14,470 --> 00:48:11,280
but many professors that i know they

1337
00:48:18,069 --> 00:48:14,480
don't particularly like teaching

1338
00:48:20,950 --> 00:48:18,079
it seems like you have

1339
00:48:21,670 --> 00:48:20,960
a need to teach a need to give back is

1340
00:48:30,309 --> 00:48:21,680
that

1341
00:48:33,349 --> 00:48:31,829
well it's kind of it's it's a very

1342
00:48:35,349 --> 00:48:33,359
different audience you know the

1343
00:48:36,549 --> 00:48:35,359
youtube videos are not talking to

1344
00:48:40,309 --> 00:48:36,559
students

1345
00:48:43,670 --> 00:48:40,319
they're not meant to prepare people for

1346
00:48:46,390 --> 00:48:43,680
work in a professional discipline

1347
00:48:48,150 --> 00:48:46,400
they're more to generally communicate

1348
00:48:51,270 --> 00:48:48,160
what are we actually doing

1349
00:48:54,390 --> 00:48:51,280
and personally i find this more relevant

1350
00:48:55,589 --> 00:48:54,400
um i guess mostly it's because there are

1351
00:48:57,430 --> 00:48:55,599
a lot of people who teach

1352
00:48:59,430 --> 00:48:57,440
but i think there are too few people who

1353
00:49:02,069 --> 00:48:59,440
do science communication

1354
00:49:03,430 --> 00:49:02,079
and so so this is why it's i it's

1355
00:49:04,870 --> 00:49:03,440
important to me and

1356
00:49:07,430 --> 00:49:04,880
i like doing it even though i'm

1357
00:49:11,430 --> 00:49:07,440
technically not getting paid for it

1358
00:49:14,069 --> 00:49:11,440
um and um so i would not

1359
00:49:15,829 --> 00:49:14,079
describe my outreach activities as

1360
00:49:17,030 --> 00:49:15,839
actually being part of my job you know

1361
00:49:19,670 --> 00:49:17,040
it's it's something that i

1362
00:49:20,549 --> 00:49:19,680
i do on the side for what my research is

1363
00:49:24,390 --> 00:49:20,559
concerned

1364
00:49:26,630 --> 00:49:24,400
um you know it's indeed mostly reading

1365
00:49:27,430 --> 00:49:26,640
you know it's a lot of it the biggest

1366
00:49:29,190 --> 00:49:27,440
part is

1367
00:49:31,349 --> 00:49:29,200
finding out and understanding what other

1368
00:49:31,829 --> 00:49:31,359
people have done including you know the

1369
00:49:33,750 --> 00:49:31,839
stuff you

1370
00:49:35,109 --> 00:49:33,760
go go to seminars you give seminars

1371
00:49:37,750 --> 00:49:35,119
yourself and and

1372
00:49:40,309 --> 00:49:37,760
uh that whole game and then of course

1373
00:49:41,990 --> 00:49:40,319
you get to a point where you feel like

1374
00:49:43,510 --> 00:49:42,000
you've read everything that was to read

1375
00:49:46,790 --> 00:49:43,520
on a particular topic

1376
00:49:48,710 --> 00:49:46,800
now can i add my own thing um

1377
00:49:50,950 --> 00:49:48,720
and that's where you have to sit down

1378
00:49:53,349 --> 00:49:50,960
and actually write down equations

1379
00:49:54,150 --> 00:49:53,359
uh and see if there's a problem you can

1380
00:49:57,510 --> 00:49:54,160
solve or

1381
00:49:57,990 --> 00:49:57,520
if there's a new twist you can turn on

1382
00:50:03,030 --> 00:49:58,000
um

1383
00:50:04,230 --> 00:50:03,040
stuff like this then of course i also

1384
00:50:06,549 --> 00:50:04,240
have a postdoc and i

1385
00:50:08,230 --> 00:50:06,559
have a student um who have their own

1386
00:50:11,270 --> 00:50:08,240
projects that i have to look at

1387
00:50:11,990 --> 00:50:11,280
and see that they they get to where i

1388
00:50:14,950 --> 00:50:12,000
think they should be

1389
00:50:15,910 --> 00:50:14,960
getting um and you know there are other

1390
00:50:18,470 --> 00:50:15,920
things like i

1391
00:50:19,589 --> 00:50:18,480
um organize workshops conferences i have

1392
00:50:21,990 --> 00:50:19,599
to review papers

1393
00:50:23,589 --> 00:50:22,000
i have to review grant proposals um i

1394
00:50:25,430 --> 00:50:23,599
have to write grant proposals this

1395
00:50:26,549 --> 00:50:25,440
actually sucks up a dramatic amount of

1396
00:50:28,470 --> 00:50:26,559
time

1397
00:50:29,990 --> 00:50:28,480
um there's some administrational stuff

1398
00:50:31,829 --> 00:50:30,000
that i have to do like if you're getting

1399
00:50:33,750 --> 00:50:31,839
grants there's always some overhead that

1400
00:50:35,190 --> 00:50:33,760
comes with it that you have to

1401
00:50:37,589 --> 00:50:35,200
you know you have to keep track of where

1402
00:50:39,510 --> 00:50:37,599
the money goes and fill in reports and

1403
00:50:41,030 --> 00:50:39,520
it sounds like that's that's there's so

1404
00:50:43,589 --> 00:50:41,040
much extra

1405
00:50:45,829 --> 00:50:43,599
on top of the actual research that how

1406
00:50:48,309 --> 00:50:45,839
much of your time do you get to spend on

1407
00:50:49,750 --> 00:50:48,319
research with you like you said sitting

1408
00:50:51,109 --> 00:50:49,760
at your desk with your paper thinking

1409
00:50:52,710 --> 00:50:51,119
how can you twist

1410
00:50:54,230 --> 00:50:52,720
how can you add your own how can you

1411
00:50:55,750 --> 00:50:54,240
contribute to a field

1412
00:50:58,470 --> 00:50:55,760
how much of your time do you get to

1413
00:51:01,109 --> 00:50:58,480
spend doing that

1414
00:51:01,990 --> 00:51:01,119
let's say let's say per day an hour or

1415
00:51:05,750 --> 00:51:02,000
two hours

1416
00:51:09,190 --> 00:51:07,430
you know i i would have to think about

1417
00:51:12,069 --> 00:51:09,200
this more deeply so

1418
00:51:13,109 --> 00:51:12,079
the problem is that um the way that i

1419
00:51:18,150 --> 00:51:13,119
work

1420
00:51:21,270 --> 00:51:18,160
have a phase where i pretty much only do

1421
00:51:23,349 --> 00:51:21,280
research like i've been doing now i've

1422
00:51:25,030 --> 00:51:23,359
been working on the super determinism

1423
00:51:27,430 --> 00:51:25,040
stuff like every day

1424
00:51:29,270 --> 00:51:27,440
for 10 hours basically i wake up it's on

1425
00:51:31,349 --> 00:51:29,280
my mind you know there's this stuff and

1426
00:51:33,829 --> 00:51:31,359
then maybe i can do it this way and you

1427
00:51:35,349 --> 00:51:33,839
you know you know down an equation then

1428
00:51:36,069 --> 00:51:35,359
you figure out okay i don't know this i

1429
00:51:37,750 --> 00:51:36,079
have to look this

1430
00:51:39,270 --> 00:51:37,760
up you know then you try this and it

1431
00:51:40,549 --> 00:51:39,280
doesn't work and you try to something

1432
00:51:41,750 --> 00:51:40,559
else and it goes like this the whole day

1433
00:51:42,950 --> 00:51:41,760
until i go to bed

1434
00:51:45,109 --> 00:51:42,960
then i wake up in the middle of the

1435
00:51:46,630 --> 00:51:45,119
night with an idea and

1436
00:51:48,390 --> 00:51:46,640
i'm like oh i have to write this down

1437
00:51:49,990 --> 00:51:48,400
okay so then i sleep some more hours and

1438
00:51:50,950 --> 00:51:50,000
then i wake up again and i'm like now i

1439
00:51:53,190 --> 00:51:50,960
have to look this up

1440
00:51:55,510 --> 00:51:53,200
and it may go like this for several

1441
00:51:57,589 --> 00:51:55,520
weeks or maybe one two months

1442
00:51:59,589 --> 00:51:57,599
and then at some point i'm like i'm like

1443
00:52:00,710 --> 00:51:59,599
either totally frustrated and stressed

1444
00:52:03,589 --> 00:52:00,720
out and everything and just

1445
00:52:03,990 --> 00:52:03,599
have to stop it or something else comes

1446
00:52:07,030 --> 00:52:04,000
up

1447
00:52:09,030 --> 00:52:07,040
um that just has to be done um you know

1448
00:52:10,470 --> 00:52:09,040
conference organization what have you

1449
00:52:12,470 --> 00:52:10,480
the proposal deadline

1450
00:52:13,510 --> 00:52:12,480
is approaching uh and then something

1451
00:52:15,030 --> 00:52:13,520
else takes over

1452
00:52:16,950 --> 00:52:15,040
so then for someone i'll be doing

1453
00:52:18,790 --> 00:52:16,960
something else and then

1454
00:52:21,109 --> 00:52:18,800
i'll be getting back to research so it

1455
00:52:24,630 --> 00:52:21,119
makes it very difficult for me to answer

1456
00:52:27,430 --> 00:52:24,640
the question in terms of hours per day

1457
00:52:27,990 --> 00:52:27,440
um you know i it i guess it's something

1458
00:52:31,270 --> 00:52:28,000
between

1459
00:52:33,670 --> 00:52:31,280
30 and 50 roughly speaking

1460
00:52:35,349 --> 00:52:33,680
that i get to actually work on that's

1461
00:52:38,630 --> 00:52:35,359
pretty much yeah i know that

1462
00:52:42,710 --> 00:52:38,640
i i'm in a very lucky position

1463
00:52:44,790 --> 00:52:42,720
um i know that a lot of

1464
00:52:46,630 --> 00:52:44,800
my colleagues especially those who work

1465
00:52:51,109 --> 00:52:46,640
in teaching you know have have a lot

1466
00:52:54,230 --> 00:52:51,119
more duties um that take time away

1467
00:52:56,230 --> 00:52:54,240
from from their research um you know

1468
00:52:57,750 --> 00:52:56,240
on the downside though i have to say i

1469
00:52:58,390 --> 00:52:57,760
don't have a permanent position you know

1470
00:53:02,470 --> 00:52:58,400
i sit on

1471
00:53:04,630 --> 00:53:02,480
run out in two years

1472
00:53:06,150 --> 00:53:04,640
i was talking to stephen pinker and i

1473
00:53:07,750 --> 00:53:06,160
was asking him well how much of your

1474
00:53:09,589 --> 00:53:07,760
time is spent

1475
00:53:10,950 --> 00:53:09,599
actually writing versus researching and

1476
00:53:12,630 --> 00:53:10,960
i think he said it's 90

1477
00:53:14,870 --> 00:53:12,640
research that is in your case it would

1478
00:53:18,150 --> 00:53:14,880
be the equivalent of reading papers

1479
00:53:20,150 --> 00:53:18,160
and then 10 writing for you

1480
00:53:23,430 --> 00:53:20,160
how much of how what does that split

1481
00:53:28,470 --> 00:53:25,910
well between the between the reading and

1482
00:53:31,750 --> 00:53:28,480
the writing there's the calculation part

1483
00:53:34,790 --> 00:53:31,760
right so um

1484
00:53:36,150 --> 00:53:34,800
for me the writing is kind of the the

1485
00:53:38,069 --> 00:53:36,160
least amount of effort

1486
00:53:40,150 --> 00:53:38,079
you know it's what i do at the very end

1487
00:53:41,510 --> 00:53:40,160
if i have everything together

1488
00:53:42,950 --> 00:53:41,520
i sit down right that's what i mean

1489
00:53:44,390 --> 00:53:42,960
sorry i'm i'm also including the

1490
00:53:47,430 --> 00:53:44,400
calculation in the writing

1491
00:53:50,230 --> 00:53:47,440
so the reading and then calculating and

1492
00:53:52,069 --> 00:53:50,240
slash writing so it depends on whether

1493
00:53:52,549 --> 00:53:52,079
it's a field that i'm already familiar

1494
00:53:55,109 --> 00:53:52,559
with

1495
00:53:56,870 --> 00:53:55,119
um like if if it's a field like for

1496
00:53:57,990 --> 00:53:56,880
example the superfluid dark matter stuff

1497
00:53:59,750 --> 00:53:58,000
okay i've been

1498
00:54:01,349 --> 00:53:59,760
following the literature on that for

1499
00:54:02,870 --> 00:54:01,359
five years

1500
00:54:05,109 --> 00:54:02,880
so now the thing is if something new

1501
00:54:06,470 --> 00:54:05,119
comes out i only have to read the new

1502
00:54:08,470 --> 00:54:06,480
part

1503
00:54:10,870 --> 00:54:08,480
so which reduces the amount of

1504
00:54:13,030 --> 00:54:10,880
literature that i have to digest

1505
00:54:14,230 --> 00:54:13,040
so in any case like this you know it may

1506
00:54:17,109 --> 00:54:14,240
be something like

1507
00:54:18,630 --> 00:54:17,119
50 50. but if it's if it's a topic that

1508
00:54:21,990 --> 00:54:18,640
i'm really new to

1509
00:54:23,109 --> 00:54:22,000
um as it was the case up until recently

1510
00:54:25,510 --> 00:54:23,119
with the foundations of quantum

1511
00:54:26,150 --> 00:54:25,520
mechanics and there's just such a huge

1512
00:54:28,710 --> 00:54:26,160
amount

1513
00:54:31,109 --> 00:54:28,720
of literature that you first have to get

1514
00:54:31,750 --> 00:54:31,119
in and digest that it shifts more to

1515
00:54:34,950 --> 00:54:31,760
like

1516
00:54:36,150 --> 00:54:34,960
it's 95 uh reading and then there's this

1517
00:54:38,789 --> 00:54:36,160
little bit of extra

1518
00:54:40,390 --> 00:54:38,799
that you may be able to add i remember

1519
00:54:41,990 --> 00:54:40,400
one of your videos and i'm paraphrasing

1520
00:54:43,510 --> 00:54:42,000
so please let me know if i'm

1521
00:54:45,829 --> 00:54:43,520
mischaracterizing you i don't mean to

1522
00:54:47,670 --> 00:54:45,839
you said something along the lines of

1523
00:54:48,950 --> 00:54:47,680
that's not you're referring to something

1524
00:54:49,589 --> 00:54:48,960
i wish i could remember but he said

1525
00:54:50,789 --> 00:54:49,599
that's not a

1526
00:54:52,150 --> 00:54:50,799
that's not something i'm interested in

1527
00:54:53,349 --> 00:54:52,160
that's not a question that can be

1528
00:54:54,230 --> 00:54:53,359
answered with science so i'm not

1529
00:54:55,750 --> 00:54:54,240
interested

1530
00:54:58,390 --> 00:54:55,760
now you can tell me if i'm wrong there

1531
00:55:03,990 --> 00:54:58,400
but i'm curious is all that matters

1532
00:55:10,549 --> 00:55:06,870
um so i have no idea what i may have

1533
00:55:14,069 --> 00:55:12,230
it sounds like something that that that

1534
00:55:17,270 --> 00:55:14,079
i may have said

1535
00:55:19,589 --> 00:55:17,280
in the context of the video probably

1536
00:55:21,349 --> 00:55:19,599
you know i was trying to discuss a

1537
00:55:23,270 --> 00:55:21,359
scientific question

1538
00:55:24,549 --> 00:55:23,280
and then i may have said something uh to

1539
00:55:26,549 --> 00:55:24,559
the extent

1540
00:55:27,910 --> 00:55:26,559
um but i don't want to talk about this

1541
00:55:29,030 --> 00:55:27,920
because it's not a question that science

1542
00:55:31,589 --> 00:55:29,040
can answer

1543
00:55:33,109 --> 00:55:31,599
um so but this doesn't mean that science

1544
00:55:33,990 --> 00:55:33,119
is the only thing that's interesting

1545
00:55:37,109 --> 00:55:34,000
like we were already

1546
00:55:40,230 --> 00:55:37,119
talking about creative outlets right and

1547
00:55:42,309 --> 00:55:40,240
um i i don't think that this is merely

1548
00:55:43,589 --> 00:55:42,319
you know something that's unimportant

1549
00:55:45,750 --> 00:55:43,599
you know i don't

1550
00:55:47,349 --> 00:55:45,760
see myself as a professional artist and

1551
00:55:48,950 --> 00:55:47,359
i you know i have no aspirations to

1552
00:55:50,230 --> 00:55:48,960
become one to me it's kind of something

1553
00:55:53,190 --> 00:55:50,240
that i

1554
00:55:54,470 --> 00:55:53,200
need to function properly as a human

1555
00:55:56,789 --> 00:55:54,480
basically

1556
00:55:58,230 --> 00:55:56,799
but uh i mean there are professional

1557
00:56:00,829 --> 00:55:58,240
artists and i think that they

1558
00:56:01,990 --> 00:56:00,839
fulfill a very important function in our

1559
00:56:04,710 --> 00:56:02,000
society

1560
00:56:06,309 --> 00:56:04,720
you know by um giving pleasure to

1561
00:56:06,630 --> 00:56:06,319
people's life you know that's something

1562
00:56:10,870 --> 00:56:06,640
that

1563
00:56:11,990 --> 00:56:10,880
science is is definitely not the only

1564
00:56:13,589 --> 00:56:12,000
thing that matters

1565
00:56:15,190 --> 00:56:13,599
or maybe i should add you know but also

1566
00:56:17,030 --> 00:56:15,200
but to make people

1567
00:56:18,710 --> 00:56:17,040
think you know art is not only about

1568
00:56:22,950 --> 00:56:18,720
what is pretty of course

1569
00:56:25,750 --> 00:56:22,960
are there truths that are non-scientific

1570
00:56:27,430 --> 00:56:25,760
um yes they're mathematical truths okay

1571
00:56:30,470 --> 00:56:27,440
are the truths that are non-mathematical

1572
00:56:31,829 --> 00:56:30,480
and non-scientific

1573
00:56:33,510 --> 00:56:31,839
well it depends on what you mean by

1574
00:56:36,470 --> 00:56:33,520
truth i would say no

1575
00:56:37,109 --> 00:56:36,480
because for me a truth is an absolute

1576
00:56:39,990 --> 00:56:37,119
truth

1577
00:56:41,270 --> 00:56:40,000
you know something that is unshakable

1578
00:56:42,789 --> 00:56:41,280
and

1579
00:56:44,630 --> 00:56:42,799
you basically only find this in

1580
00:56:46,150 --> 00:56:44,640
mathematics if you can actually prove

1581
00:56:48,870 --> 00:56:46,160
something like two plus two

1582
00:56:49,910 --> 00:56:48,880
equals four so already when you come to

1583
00:56:52,230 --> 00:56:49,920
science

1584
00:56:53,190 --> 00:56:52,240
um the best you can do is say that

1585
00:56:55,190 --> 00:56:53,200
something is

1586
00:56:57,030 --> 00:56:55,200
almost certainly correct you know with

1587
00:57:00,150 --> 00:56:57,040
with a certain arrow bar

1588
00:57:01,910 --> 00:57:00,160
at uh to be almost certainly but

1589
00:57:03,270 --> 00:57:01,920
colloquially i guess most people would

1590
00:57:04,950 --> 00:57:03,280
at some point

1591
00:57:06,710 --> 00:57:04,960
just say it's true you know if the

1592
00:57:08,710 --> 00:57:06,720
uncertainty is so small that

1593
00:57:10,069 --> 00:57:08,720
uh nothing's going to change about it

1594
00:57:11,430 --> 00:57:10,079
almost certainly in their lifetime or

1595
00:57:13,030 --> 00:57:11,440
something they would just say it's true

1596
00:57:14,870 --> 00:57:13,040
are there truths in fiction

1597
00:57:16,309 --> 00:57:14,880
so for example if you watch a movie that

1598
00:57:18,710 --> 00:57:16,319
was made up by someone

1599
00:57:19,670 --> 00:57:18,720
and you say there's there's truth in

1600
00:57:22,870 --> 00:57:19,680
that i mean

1601
00:57:25,030 --> 00:57:22,880
i don't know would is there truth in

1602
00:57:27,030 --> 00:57:25,040
fiction

1603
00:57:28,470 --> 00:57:27,040
well again i i think that's something

1604
00:57:31,109 --> 00:57:28,480
which people would say

1605
00:57:31,910 --> 00:57:31,119
colloquially but they wouldn't literally

1606
00:57:35,109 --> 00:57:31,920
mean

1607
00:57:37,310 --> 00:57:35,119
it's true they they would say it um

1608
00:57:38,630 --> 00:57:37,320
maybe to mean um

1609
00:57:41,190 --> 00:57:38,640
[Music]

1610
00:57:43,190 --> 00:57:41,200
this captures something that i have also

1611
00:57:44,549 --> 00:57:43,200
experienced or something like that

1612
00:57:48,309 --> 00:57:44,559
what's the difference in your eyes

1613
00:57:51,829 --> 00:57:50,710
and just delineate it for the audience

1614
00:57:54,630 --> 00:57:51,839
well

1615
00:57:55,190 --> 00:57:54,640
i think my if my greek doesn't fail me i

1616
00:57:58,309 --> 00:57:55,200
think

1617
00:58:00,470 --> 00:57:58,319
the word matter just means beyond so the

1618
00:58:01,190 --> 00:58:00,480
the metaphysics or after or something

1619
00:58:02,950 --> 00:58:01,200
like this

1620
00:58:04,470 --> 00:58:02,960
like it's what what comes after the

1621
00:58:06,470 --> 00:58:04,480
physics if you're done with the physics

1622
00:58:09,430 --> 00:58:06,480
then there's metaphysics

1623
00:58:11,589 --> 00:58:09,440
um but the way that uh it's it's been

1624
00:58:14,309 --> 00:58:11,599
mostly used by philosophers

1625
00:58:15,990 --> 00:58:14,319
um is to say that in physics you have

1626
00:58:16,870 --> 00:58:16,000
certain assumptions that are not

1627
00:58:19,910 --> 00:58:16,880
themselves

1628
00:58:23,670 --> 00:58:19,920
empirically um testable

1629
00:58:27,030 --> 00:58:23,680
but that physicists use nevertheless

1630
00:58:29,670 --> 00:58:27,040
um just because they have to

1631
00:58:30,390 --> 00:58:29,680
um otherwise nothing works you have to

1632
00:58:34,230 --> 00:58:30,400
start with

1633
00:58:37,589 --> 00:58:34,240
uh something um and i i guess i'm

1634
00:58:39,750 --> 00:58:37,599
i'm i'm hoping that i'm using the word

1635
00:58:40,710 --> 00:58:39,760
uh in the same way um that the

1636
00:58:44,069 --> 00:58:40,720
philosophers

1637
00:58:47,670 --> 00:58:44,079
do like i mean for example

1638
00:58:48,829 --> 00:58:47,680
a metaphysical assumption is the idea

1639
00:58:50,010 --> 00:58:48,839
that

1640
00:58:52,390 --> 00:58:50,020
um

1641
00:58:55,510 --> 00:58:52,400
[Music]

1642
00:58:57,829 --> 00:58:55,520
theories have to um

1643
00:58:59,109 --> 00:58:57,839
fulfill a certain type of beauty that's

1644
00:59:01,510 --> 00:58:59,119
what my book is about

1645
00:59:04,069 --> 00:59:01,520
um right there's certain types of beauty

1646
00:59:08,150 --> 00:59:04,079
that physicists have

1647
00:59:10,309 --> 00:59:08,160
been using extensively and

1648
00:59:12,309 --> 00:59:10,319
you know i i say that these are ideals

1649
00:59:15,910 --> 00:59:12,319
of beauty but what they actually are

1650
00:59:18,789 --> 00:59:15,920
are metaphysical criteria it's just that

1651
00:59:19,910 --> 00:59:18,799
you know if it's it's not particularly

1652
00:59:21,910 --> 00:59:19,920
catchy to talk about

1653
00:59:23,510 --> 00:59:21,920
metaphysical criteria so so that's not

1654
00:59:26,549 --> 00:59:23,520
what i call it i just say their

1655
00:59:27,990 --> 00:59:26,559
appeals to beauty i have a somewhat

1656
00:59:30,309 --> 00:59:28,000
technical question

1657
00:59:33,270 --> 00:59:30,319
weinstein eric weinstein was talking

1658
00:59:35,030 --> 00:59:33,280
about the einstein field equations

1659
00:59:36,710 --> 00:59:35,040
dirac equations and then the yang mills

1660
00:59:38,630 --> 00:59:36,720
equations and he said

1661
00:59:39,829 --> 00:59:38,640
that they are provably the simplest in

1662
00:59:41,990 --> 00:59:39,839
their class and

1663
00:59:43,190 --> 00:59:42,000
as far as i know there's no theorem in

1664
00:59:44,549 --> 00:59:43,200
the field of physics that says that

1665
00:59:46,630 --> 00:59:44,559
they're probably the simplest

1666
00:59:48,549 --> 00:59:46,640
is there and like what the heck what

1667
00:59:51,670 --> 00:59:48,559
does that mean that they're

1668
00:59:55,670 --> 00:59:51,680
provably of their kind do you

1669
00:59:56,069 --> 00:59:55,680
know well so it's hard to say what what

1670
01:00:01,270 --> 00:59:56,079
he

1671
01:00:03,030 --> 01:00:01,280
you

1672
01:00:04,470 --> 01:00:03,040
because it depends on exactly which

1673
01:00:06,470 --> 01:00:04,480
assumptions

1674
01:00:08,390 --> 01:00:06,480
uh you make like let let's take for

1675
01:00:11,990 --> 01:00:08,400
example general relativity

1676
01:00:15,349 --> 01:00:12,000
you can just um general relativity

1677
01:00:18,470 --> 01:00:15,359
is a simple theory in the sense that um

1678
01:00:21,589 --> 01:00:18,480
it takes only like five assumptions

1679
01:00:23,270 --> 01:00:21,599
um to derive it uh

1680
01:00:25,349 --> 01:00:23,280
and these five assumptions are kind of

1681
01:00:26,950 --> 01:00:25,359
like uh gravity is described by the

1682
01:00:28,870 --> 01:00:26,960
curvature of space and time

1683
01:00:30,789 --> 01:00:28,880
it couples to the stress energy tensor

1684
01:00:32,630 --> 01:00:30,799
which is the conserved quantity uh it

1685
01:00:35,829 --> 01:00:32,640
reproduces neutron and gravity

1686
01:00:37,349 --> 01:00:35,839
uh in a suitable limit and uh

1687
01:00:38,950 --> 01:00:37,359
i think that two more which i've which

1688
01:00:42,069 --> 01:00:38,960
i've now forgotten and

1689
01:00:43,270 --> 01:00:42,079
then you can show that uh general

1690
01:00:46,710 --> 01:00:43,280
relativity

1691
01:00:49,109 --> 01:00:46,720
is the simple theory that does that

1692
01:00:49,910 --> 01:00:49,119
where the word simple becomes relevant

1693
01:00:52,069 --> 01:00:49,920
because

1694
01:00:53,430 --> 01:00:52,079
you can you can make the theory more

1695
01:00:56,870 --> 01:00:53,440
complicated if you want to

1696
01:00:58,710 --> 01:00:56,880
um by adding higher order terms

1697
01:01:00,549 --> 01:00:58,720
but but then you just say no i take the

1698
01:01:04,789 --> 01:01:00,559
simplest one

1699
01:01:06,710 --> 01:01:04,799
i see and uh and i guess that um

1700
01:01:08,789 --> 01:01:06,720
it with young myths theory the drock

1701
01:01:11,109 --> 01:01:08,799
equation it may be something

1702
01:01:12,870 --> 01:01:11,119
similar but again it depends on exactly

1703
01:01:15,349 --> 01:01:12,880
how you phrase the assumptions like if

1704
01:01:18,710 --> 01:01:15,359
for example with the dirac equation

1705
01:01:20,150 --> 01:01:18,720
um dirac made this

1706
01:01:22,470 --> 01:01:20,160
assumption that the theory has to be

1707
01:01:25,589 --> 01:01:22,480
linear um

1708
01:01:27,349 --> 01:01:25,599
which um is something that you may

1709
01:01:29,190 --> 01:01:27,359
wonder if you can do it without

1710
01:01:31,750 --> 01:01:29,200
so the direct equation is basically

1711
01:01:34,870 --> 01:01:31,760
you're trying to take the square root

1712
01:01:36,789 --> 01:01:34,880
of um einstein's equation e

1713
01:01:38,150 --> 01:01:36,799
e squared minus p squared equals m

1714
01:01:40,230 --> 01:01:38,160
squared

1715
01:01:41,670 --> 01:01:40,240
and so the peculiar thing about the

1716
01:01:42,870 --> 01:01:41,680
derog equation is that you take the

1717
01:01:43,829 --> 01:01:42,880
square root but you get a linear

1718
01:01:45,430 --> 01:01:43,839
equation

1719
01:01:48,150 --> 01:01:45,440
and the only way you can do that is by

1720
01:01:50,309 --> 01:01:48,160
using these weird matrices

1721
01:01:52,789 --> 01:01:50,319
but in principle you can take a square

1722
01:01:54,309 --> 01:01:52,799
root of an operator

1723
01:01:56,390 --> 01:01:54,319
that's something which exists and you

1724
01:01:59,109 --> 01:01:56,400
you can define that uh by

1725
01:02:00,069 --> 01:01:59,119
using the spectral uh decomposition and

1726
01:02:02,069 --> 01:02:00,079
i've no idea why

1727
01:02:03,430 --> 01:02:02,079
why dirk didn't try that or maybe he did

1728
01:02:05,829 --> 01:02:03,440
and you know

1729
01:02:06,950 --> 01:02:05,839
he didn't like it or whatever people

1730
01:02:10,710 --> 01:02:06,960
tried it later

1731
01:02:13,109 --> 01:02:10,720
their papers about this um and

1732
01:02:14,390 --> 01:02:13,119
you know then you you can i don't know

1733
01:02:16,230 --> 01:02:14,400
how

1734
01:02:18,390 --> 01:02:16,240
is one of these solutions simpler than

1735
01:02:20,069 --> 01:02:18,400
the other i don't know but one is wrong

1736
01:02:21,510 --> 01:02:20,079
and the other one isn't

1737
01:02:23,109 --> 01:02:21,520
like i mean wrong in the sense that

1738
01:02:24,710 --> 01:02:23,119
derek's equation actually describes

1739
01:02:25,349 --> 01:02:24,720
reality well if you do it the other way

1740
01:02:27,910 --> 01:02:25,359
around

1741
01:02:29,910 --> 01:02:27,920
you also get a theory that kind of

1742
01:02:31,589 --> 01:02:29,920
solves the problem that derock posed

1743
01:02:34,549 --> 01:02:31,599
like how do i take the square root of

1744
01:02:37,670 --> 01:02:36,630
doesn't describe what we observe so i

1745
01:02:40,230 --> 01:02:37,680
see this

1746
01:02:42,309 --> 01:02:40,240
question doesn't make much sense but

1747
01:02:44,630 --> 01:02:42,319
it's fun to think about

1748
01:02:45,670 --> 01:02:44,640
imagine you're a photon how do you

1749
01:02:48,390 --> 01:02:45,680
experience time

1750
01:02:50,069 --> 01:02:48,400
now i know time is defined as the length

1751
01:02:54,069 --> 01:02:50,079
the path length

1752
01:02:55,910 --> 01:02:54,079
in space time but proper time is so

1753
01:02:57,910 --> 01:02:55,920
that means that the photon experiences

1754
01:02:59,670 --> 01:02:57,920
zero time which is

1755
01:03:01,589 --> 01:02:59,680
imagining you're the photon it's it's

1756
01:03:03,910 --> 01:03:01,599
like you you're emerging and then you

1757
01:03:05,670 --> 01:03:03,920
die instantaneously

1758
01:03:08,309 --> 01:03:05,680
what does the experience of a photon

1759
01:03:11,510 --> 01:03:10,150
i have no idea i don't know what it

1760
01:03:13,510 --> 01:03:11,520
means to talk about the

1761
01:03:15,270 --> 01:03:13,520
experience of a photon like we were

1762
01:03:17,750 --> 01:03:15,280
talking about um

1763
01:03:18,789 --> 01:03:17,760
consciousness earlier and i think that

1764
01:03:22,470 --> 01:03:18,799
you can

1765
01:03:24,230 --> 01:03:22,480
define experience in a similar way but

1766
01:03:26,150 --> 01:03:24,240
it requires that you have a certain

1767
01:03:28,549 --> 01:03:26,160
amount of particles that are able to

1768
01:03:30,390 --> 01:03:28,559
actually exchange information

1769
01:03:31,910 --> 01:03:30,400
and so i would say a single photon just

1770
01:03:33,029 --> 01:03:31,920
doesn't have any experiences i have no

1771
01:03:36,309 --> 01:03:33,039
idea what that's

1772
01:03:36,630 --> 01:03:36,319
supposed to mean so uh yeah i'm not sure

1773
01:03:37,990 --> 01:03:36,640
that

1774
01:03:40,390 --> 01:03:38,000
answers your question but yeah i mean

1775
01:03:40,950 --> 01:03:40,400
the canonical answer to the question is

1776
01:03:43,910 --> 01:03:40,960
that uh

1777
01:03:44,230 --> 01:03:43,920
photons um don't can't have a sense of

1778
01:03:46,710 --> 01:03:44,240
time

1779
01:03:47,270 --> 01:03:46,720
basically exactly because of this issue

1780
01:03:50,789 --> 01:03:47,280
that

1781
01:03:54,150 --> 01:03:50,799
length of the curve

1782
01:03:55,670 --> 01:03:54,160
on which the photon moves is zero and uh

1783
01:03:57,190 --> 01:03:55,680
the length of this curve is usually what

1784
01:04:00,230 --> 01:03:57,200
you mean by time

1785
01:04:01,349 --> 01:04:00,240
sabine what's next for you and

1786
01:04:03,430 --> 01:04:01,359
why don't you tell our audience where

1787
01:04:06,870 --> 01:04:03,440
they can find out more about you

1788
01:04:09,910 --> 01:04:06,880
your youtube link will be included well

1789
01:04:12,549 --> 01:04:09,920
so um i'm lucky in that

1790
01:04:13,829 --> 01:04:12,559
for all i know i'm the only person on

1791
01:04:15,190 --> 01:04:13,839
this planet with the names of being a

1792
01:04:15,910 --> 01:04:15,200
hostenfelder so the only thing you have

1793
01:04:17,829 --> 01:04:15,920
to do is

1794
01:04:19,910 --> 01:04:17,839
enter my name in some search engine and

1795
01:04:20,870 --> 01:04:19,920
you will find out more about me than you

1796
01:04:24,710 --> 01:04:20,880
ever wanted to know

1797
01:04:27,109 --> 01:04:24,720
trust me um so that's the easy part um

1798
01:04:28,150 --> 01:04:27,119
the complicated part is uh what i'm

1799
01:04:31,750 --> 01:04:28,160
going to do

1800
01:04:33,910 --> 01:04:31,760
so um like the next two years are

1801
01:04:35,670 --> 01:04:33,920
pretty straightforward because i'm

1802
01:04:38,630 --> 01:04:35,680
working on this research project

1803
01:04:39,670 --> 01:04:38,640
on superfluid dark matter so that's what

1804
01:04:41,190 --> 01:04:39,680
i'll be doing

1805
01:04:43,270 --> 01:04:41,200
i also have this running research

1806
01:04:46,789 --> 01:04:43,280
project on super determinism

1807
01:04:48,950 --> 01:04:46,799
um that we talked about um and i'm also

1808
01:04:50,710 --> 01:04:48,960
you know i i was in the process of

1809
01:04:52,789 --> 01:04:50,720
organizing a workshop on that

1810
01:04:54,950 --> 01:04:52,799
um which was supposed to take place in

1811
01:04:56,150 --> 01:04:54,960
may but then we had to cancel everything

1812
01:04:57,829 --> 01:04:56,160
i'm glad because when i wrote that

1813
01:04:59,670 --> 01:04:57,839
question i wasn't sure if you were

1814
01:05:00,950 --> 01:04:59,680
familiar with the term super determinism

1815
01:05:01,990 --> 01:05:00,960
and it turns out you're a specialist in

1816
01:05:04,549 --> 01:05:02,000
the field

1817
01:05:05,829 --> 01:05:04,559
yeah you know it was lucky because as i

1818
01:05:07,029 --> 01:05:05,839
keep joking the only

1819
01:05:08,870 --> 01:05:07,039
three people on the planet who

1820
01:05:09,270 --> 01:05:08,880
understand what super determinism is so

1821
01:05:12,710 --> 01:05:09,280
that's

1822
01:05:14,870 --> 01:05:12,720
palmer

1823
01:05:16,150 --> 01:05:14,880
so you're talking to exactly the right

1824
01:05:19,430 --> 01:05:16,160
person

1825
01:05:21,029 --> 01:05:19,440
um yes uh and i'll

1826
01:05:23,349 --> 01:05:21,039
i'll keep on doing the youtube thing for

1827
01:05:25,910 --> 01:05:23,359
some more time definitely

1828
01:05:28,069 --> 01:05:25,920
i'm kind of getting into it you know the

1829
01:05:30,309 --> 01:05:28,079
the more practice you have the easier it

1830
01:05:33,430 --> 01:05:30,319
gets because you become more efficient

1831
01:05:33,910 --> 01:05:33,440
um with producing content if you don't

1832
01:05:36,950 --> 01:05:33,920
make

1833
01:05:38,710 --> 01:05:36,960
as many mistakes um

1834
01:05:40,870 --> 01:05:38,720
but beyond this i really don't know

1835
01:05:42,789 --> 01:05:40,880
because i'm i'm sitting on this

1836
01:05:44,230 --> 01:05:42,799
short-term contract and there's always

1837
01:05:47,109 --> 01:05:44,240
the question like uh

1838
01:05:48,150 --> 01:05:47,119
will i get another research grant or if

1839
01:05:50,470 --> 01:05:48,160
not then

1840
01:05:52,309 --> 01:05:50,480
what am i supposed to do so your future

1841
01:05:53,750 --> 01:05:52,319
in the next five years if this was a job

1842
01:05:54,870 --> 01:05:53,760
interview what does your future look

1843
01:05:56,309 --> 01:05:54,880
like

1844
01:05:58,470 --> 01:05:56,319
you're not clear in the next five years

1845
01:06:00,789 --> 01:05:58,480
you hopefully yeah i failed

1846
01:06:01,589 --> 01:06:00,799
i failed the interview so what if

1847
01:06:03,510 --> 01:06:01,599
someone gave you

1848
01:06:05,349 --> 01:06:03,520
a million dollars and said i want you to

1849
01:06:05,670 --> 01:06:05,359
spend this and just make music videos or

1850
01:06:08,549 --> 01:06:05,680
just

1851
01:06:09,990 --> 01:06:08,559
pursue music would you say yes or no is

1852
01:06:15,990 --> 01:06:10,000
it that much of a passion

1853
01:06:20,309 --> 01:06:18,950
well you know i i wouldn't want to give

1854
01:06:23,910 --> 01:06:20,319
up my research

1855
01:06:24,390 --> 01:06:23,920
um on the other hand i could put it on

1856
01:06:27,029 --> 01:06:24,400
pause

1857
01:06:27,670 --> 01:06:27,039
for some time uh so i guess it depends

1858
01:06:30,150 --> 01:06:27,680
on how many

1859
01:06:32,710 --> 01:06:30,160
of the right incentives yeah it it's

1860
01:06:35,990 --> 01:06:32,720
it's a matter of time period that

1861
01:06:37,190 --> 01:06:36,000
um he or she would expect me to spend

1862
01:06:39,190 --> 01:06:37,200
away from research

1863
01:06:41,270 --> 01:06:39,200
it's not really amount about the amount

1864
01:06:43,349 --> 01:06:41,280
of money oh okay okay

1865
01:06:44,870 --> 01:06:43,359
all right thank you so much sabine

1866
01:06:47,670 --> 01:06:44,880
appreciate this

1867
01:06:48,309 --> 01:06:47,680
and have a great day everyone go visit

1868
01:06:52,309 --> 01:06:48,319
her channel

1869
01:06:57,270 --> 01:06:55,029
are you aware of any other logical

1870
01:07:00,470 --> 01:06:57,280
approaches to

1871
01:07:03,270 --> 01:07:00,480
of any other logics that are used in

1872
01:07:03,910 --> 01:07:03,280
the building of physical theory so for

1873
01:07:05,430 --> 01:07:03,920
example

1874
01:07:07,510 --> 01:07:05,440
most of physical theories are grounded

1875
01:07:09,270 --> 01:07:07,520
in classical logic that is p or not p

1876
01:07:11,029 --> 01:07:09,280
and you can't have both why else do you

1877
01:07:12,829 --> 01:07:11,039
have principle of explosion well that is

1878
01:07:15,190 --> 01:07:12,839
the principle

1879
01:07:16,789 --> 01:07:15,200
okay well

1880
01:07:18,630 --> 01:07:16,799
there is consistent logics and

1881
01:07:21,589 --> 01:07:18,640
intuitionist logics

1882
01:07:23,190 --> 01:07:21,599
there is something called quantum logic

1883
01:07:25,430 --> 01:07:23,200
so people have tried to

1884
01:07:27,270 --> 01:07:25,440
um i i never followed this in much

1885
01:07:30,150 --> 01:07:27,280
detail but i heard like one two talks

1886
01:07:32,549 --> 01:07:30,160
about it yeah as you say that they're

1887
01:07:36,390 --> 01:07:32,559
different

1888
01:07:38,630 --> 01:07:36,400
systems of logic and people have tried

1889
01:07:47,349 --> 01:07:42,710
use them to um

1890
01:07:49,910 --> 01:07:47,359
explain the puzzling aspects of quantum

1891
01:07:51,270 --> 01:07:49,920
theory as just being a different type of

1892
01:07:53,109 --> 01:07:51,280
logic

1893
01:07:54,549 --> 01:07:53,119
um where statements don't have to be

1894
01:07:58,309 --> 01:07:54,559
mutually exclusive

1895
01:07:59,190 --> 01:07:58,319
so no so um which is supposedly where

1896
01:08:02,230 --> 01:07:59,200
you get

1897
01:08:04,150 --> 01:08:02,240
um all this stuff from that uh you know

1898
01:08:06,870 --> 01:08:04,160
estate can be both here and there

1899
01:08:07,750 --> 01:08:06,880
because these options are not exclusive

1900
01:08:11,029 --> 01:08:07,760
so that's kind of

1901
01:08:13,589 --> 01:08:11,039
the vague idea um but

1902
01:08:15,750 --> 01:08:13,599
you know i don't know i i heard about

1903
01:08:17,269 --> 01:08:15,760
this first i think 10 years ago and not

1904
01:08:19,189 --> 01:08:17,279
all that much seems to have come out of

1905
01:08:20,709 --> 01:08:19,199
it but yeah i mean this would be the

1906
01:08:23,030 --> 01:08:20,719
first thing that comes to my mind

1907
01:08:24,950 --> 01:08:23,040
i'm curious if there are from the

1908
01:08:27,030 --> 01:08:24,960
popularizers of science much like

1909
01:08:29,030 --> 01:08:27,040
neil degrasse tyson and so on if there

1910
01:08:31,030 --> 01:08:29,040
are myths that you feel like

1911
01:08:32,390 --> 01:08:31,040
that they sell to the audience that that

1912
01:08:34,309 --> 01:08:32,400
is incorrect that you wish they wouldn't

1913
01:08:35,910 --> 01:08:34,319
so for example that the electron is both

1914
01:08:36,709 --> 01:08:35,920
up and down at the same time rather than

1915
01:08:38,950 --> 01:08:36,719
that being just

1916
01:08:39,829 --> 01:08:38,960
a method that we use mathematically to

1917
01:08:41,189 --> 01:08:39,839
calculate what

1918
01:08:43,110 --> 01:08:41,199
happened that's just part of the wave

1919
01:08:46,309 --> 01:08:43,120
function it's not necessarily that the

1920
01:08:48,229 --> 01:08:46,319
electron is both up and down do you

1921
01:08:52,309 --> 01:08:48,239
happen to know of any other

1922
01:08:55,910 --> 01:08:52,319
misconceptions that you want to dispel

1923
01:08:58,950 --> 01:08:55,920
so i i don't know i don't know about

1924
01:09:02,070 --> 01:08:58,960
uh tyson or yeah it doesn't sound

1925
01:09:04,309 --> 01:09:02,080
particular yeah

1926
01:09:05,749 --> 01:09:04,319
there are a few of these that sometimes

1927
01:09:08,630 --> 01:09:05,759
come up that

1928
01:09:10,229 --> 01:09:08,640
the problem is that i have a hard time

1929
01:09:11,030 --> 01:09:10,239
pulling them up now because i didn't

1930
01:09:13,110 --> 01:09:11,040
think about it

1931
01:09:14,309 --> 01:09:13,120
previously but one thing that would come

1932
01:09:17,030 --> 01:09:14,319
to my mind uh

1933
01:09:19,189 --> 01:09:17,040
immediately is this idea that the

1934
01:09:22,789 --> 01:09:19,199
observations on the bullet cluster

1935
01:09:24,950 --> 01:09:22,799
rule out modified gravity which is

1936
01:09:26,870 --> 01:09:24,960
which is wrong and i think everyone who

1937
01:09:28,390 --> 01:09:26,880
works in the field knows that it's wrong

1938
01:09:31,349 --> 01:09:28,400
but it's such a

1939
01:09:32,709 --> 01:09:31,359
simple and seemingly uh intuitive

1940
01:09:35,510 --> 01:09:32,719
explanation that

1941
01:09:36,470 --> 01:09:35,520
that science communicators draw on it um

1942
01:09:38,149 --> 01:09:36,480
all the time

1943
01:09:39,510 --> 01:09:38,159
and i find it really really misleading

1944
01:09:40,789 --> 01:09:39,520
and i think it's really bad for the

1945
01:09:42,709 --> 01:09:40,799
field because

1946
01:09:44,229 --> 01:09:42,719
a lot of people in physics who are not

1947
01:09:46,870 --> 01:09:44,239
really familiar with the with the

1948
01:09:49,590 --> 01:09:46,880
subject matter just believe it

1949
01:09:50,789 --> 01:09:49,600
and um yes so this is one example

1950
01:09:54,149 --> 01:09:50,799
another example

1951
01:09:54,709 --> 01:09:54,159
is that um i i often hear people say

1952
01:09:58,229 --> 01:09:54,719
that

1953
01:10:02,310 --> 01:09:58,239
um special relativity um

1954
01:10:05,110 --> 01:10:02,320
cannot deal with accelerated observers

1955
01:10:06,390 --> 01:10:05,120
which is which is wrong you can

1956
01:10:08,950 --> 01:10:06,400
perfectly

1957
01:10:10,870 --> 01:10:08,960
well deal with accelerated observers in

1958
01:10:12,950 --> 01:10:10,880
special relativity it's just that

1959
01:10:14,630 --> 01:10:12,960
a lot of you know popular science

1960
01:10:17,830 --> 01:10:14,640
textbooks only talk about

1961
01:10:18,790 --> 01:10:17,840
um non-accelerated observers the reason

1962
01:10:22,229 --> 01:10:18,800
this

1963
01:10:24,310 --> 01:10:22,239
annoys me is that if you believe that

1964
01:10:25,910 --> 01:10:24,320
you can't understand the equivalence

1965
01:10:27,990 --> 01:10:25,920
principle because the equivalence

1966
01:10:31,270 --> 01:10:28,000
principle says that

1967
01:10:34,709 --> 01:10:31,280
acceleration in flat space in

1968
01:10:38,709 --> 01:10:34,719
special relativity is locally equivalent

1969
01:10:39,189 --> 01:10:38,719
uh to um gravity uh in a curved space so

1970
01:10:42,310 --> 01:10:39,199
if you

1971
01:10:43,110 --> 01:10:42,320
special relativity makes no sense

1972
01:10:45,110 --> 01:10:43,120
whatsoever

1973
01:10:46,950 --> 01:10:45,120
so the whole point about general

1974
01:10:50,870 --> 01:10:46,960
relativity is that it uses

1975
01:10:52,470 --> 01:10:50,880
special relativity and generalizes it so

1976
01:10:53,990 --> 01:10:52,480
so that's another one of these things

1977
01:10:57,270 --> 01:10:54,000
another thing that

1978
01:10:58,229 --> 01:10:57,280
more recently upsets me is that you have

1979
01:11:01,669 --> 01:10:58,239
probably heard

1980
01:11:02,229 --> 01:11:01,679
that um there is a type of dark matter

1981
01:11:04,870 --> 01:11:02,239
that is

1982
01:11:07,750 --> 01:11:04,880
um increasing in popularity right now

1983
01:11:10,790 --> 01:11:07,760
which is called the axion

1984
01:11:11,910 --> 01:11:10,800
and the story that they always tell if

1985
01:11:14,149 --> 01:11:11,920
you read these

1986
01:11:15,510 --> 01:11:14,159
popular science articles is that the

1987
01:11:19,270 --> 01:11:15,520
axion was

1988
01:11:21,830 --> 01:11:19,280
proposed in the 1970s by frank wilczyk

1989
01:11:24,390 --> 01:11:21,840
and stephen weinberg independently

1990
01:11:25,750 --> 01:11:24,400
as a solution to a particular problem in

1991
01:11:27,430 --> 01:11:25,760
the standard model which is called the

1992
01:11:30,790 --> 01:11:27,440
strong cp problem

1993
01:11:33,110 --> 01:11:30,800
and that's true in that um

1994
01:11:34,709 --> 01:11:33,120
they proposed this particle in the 1970s

1995
01:11:37,430 --> 01:11:34,719
but what they don't tell you

1996
01:11:39,830 --> 01:11:37,440
is that this particle was ruled out two

1997
01:11:42,390 --> 01:11:39,840
years after it was proposed it's just

1998
01:11:45,030 --> 01:11:42,400
not compatible with observations

1999
01:11:45,510 --> 01:11:45,040
and the thing that they search for now

2000
01:11:59,350 --> 01:11:45,520
is

2001
01:12:00,550 --> 01:11:59,360
going on in the foundations of physics

2002
01:12:03,189 --> 01:12:00,560
more generally that

2003
01:12:04,870 --> 01:12:03,199
after a model has been ruled out

2004
01:12:05,350 --> 01:12:04,880
physicists don't give up on it and say

2005
01:12:07,270 --> 01:12:05,360
okay

2006
01:12:08,870 --> 01:12:07,280
this didn't work instead they will

2007
01:12:10,950 --> 01:12:08,880
fiddle with the model

2008
01:12:12,470 --> 01:12:10,960
uh until it's compatible with data again

2009
01:12:14,070 --> 01:12:12,480
then it will do another experiment and

2010
01:12:15,430 --> 01:12:14,080
it would rule it out again and then they

2011
01:12:17,430 --> 01:12:15,440
put it with the model again and and

2012
01:12:19,510 --> 01:12:17,440
that's been going on for 40 years

2013
01:12:20,709 --> 01:12:19,520
so i feel that by leaving out this part

2014
01:12:24,550 --> 01:12:20,719
of the history

2015
01:12:34,830 --> 01:12:24,560
people get a very wrong impression of